Rig Veda 3.55.1: Mandala 3, Sukta 55, Mantra 1

Sukta 3.55

Rishi: Viśvāmitra Gāthina (traditional for Mandala 3; RV 3.55 commonly in his family-book domain)

Devata: Viśve Devāḥ / the One Asura-might behind the gods; Dawn as revelatory condition

Chandas: Triṣṭubh (probable; confirm)

Samhita Patha (Devanagari)

उषसः पूर्वा अध यद्व्यूषुर्महद्वि जज्ञे अक्षरं पदे गोः । व्रता देवानामुप नु प्रभूषन्महद्देवानामसुरत्वमेकम् ॥

Transliteration

uṣásaḥ pū́rvā ádha yád vy-ū́ṣur mahád ví jajñe ákṣaraṃ padé góḥ | vratā́ devā́nām úpa nú pra-bhū́ṣan mahád devā́nām asura-tvám ékam ||

Translation

Apabila Fajar-fajar terdahulu telah terbuka, maka lahirlah Sabda yang agung dan tidak binasa pada jejak Cahaya. Menghiasi dan menzahirkan hukum-hukum para Dewa, tersingkaplah satu asura-tva yang maha luas—kekuatan Asura yang tunggal daripada daya-daya ilahi.

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Word by Word

• उषसः: of the dawns
• उषसः: सम्बन्ध (genitive) / अधिष्ठान-सम्बन्ध
• Type: Noun
• Root: उषस्-

• पूर्वाः: the former/earlier (ones)
• पूर्वाः: कर्तृ (with implied verb ‘are/appear’)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: पूर्व-

• अध: then, now, moreover
• अध: सम्बन्ध/काल-सम्बन्ध (discourse particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अध

• यत्: when; that which
• यत्: कर्म/सम्बन्ध (relative marker)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: यद्-

• व्यूषुः: they have shone forth; have dawned
• व्यूषुः: क्रिया (कर्तृ = उषसः/पूर्वाः)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √वस् (उष्-भावे) / √उष् (प्रकाशे) → व्य्-उष्

• महत्: great
• महत्: विशेषण
• Type: Adjective
• Root: महत्-

• वि: forth, apart, distinctly
• वि: क्रियाविशेषण (prefix to √जन्)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: वि

• जज्ञे: was born; came into being
• जज्ञे: क्रिया (कर्तृ = अक्षरम्)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √जन् (जने)

• अक्षरम्: the imperishable (syllable/word); the unchanging
• अक्षरम्: कर्तृ (of जज्ञे)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अक्षर-

• पदे: in the place/footstep; in the station
• पदे: अधिकरण
• Type: Noun
• Root: पद-

• गोः: of the cow (also: of light/ray)
• गोः: सम्बन्ध (genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गो-

• व्रता: ordinances; sacred laws
• व्रता: कर्म/विषय (with √भूष्)
• Type: Noun
• Root: व्रत-

• देवानाम्: of the gods
• देवानाम्: सम्बन्ध (genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: देव-

• उप: towards, near
• उप: क्रियाविशेषण (prefix to √भूष्)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: उप

• नु: now, indeed
• नु: सम्बन्ध (discourse particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: नु

• प्रभूषन्: adorning; attending on; serving
• प्रभूषन्: कर्तृ (of implied action ‘adorning/serving’)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √भूष् (अलङ्कारे/सेवायाम्) with प्र-

• महत्: great
• महत्: विशेषण
• Type: Adjective
• Root: महत्-

• देवानाम्: of the gods
• देवानाम्: सम्बन्ध (genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: देव-

• असुरत्वम्: lordship; asura-power (sovereign might)
• असुरत्वम्: कर्तृ/विषय (as the ‘one’ being spoken of)
• Type: Noun
• Root: असुरत्व- (असुर- + त्व)

• एकम्: one; single
• एकम्: विशेषण
• Type: Adjective
• Root: एक-