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Shloka 13

उपवासफलात्मकविधिः — Upavāsa as Yajña-Equivalent Merit

Angiras Teaching

चतुर्थभक्तक्षपणं वैश्ये शूद्रे विधीयते । त्रिरात्रं नतु धर्मजिविंहितं धर्मदर्शिभि:

caturthabhaktakṣapaṇaṃ vaiśye śūdre vidhīyate | trirātraṃ na tu dharmajīvihitaṃ dharmadarśibhiḥ ||

अंगिरा म्हणाले—वैश्य व शूद्रांसाठी प्रायश्चित्त म्हणून चौथ्या वेळचे भोजन त्यागण्याचा विधी आहे; म्हणजेच केवळ दोन दिवस व दोन रात्र उपवास करावा. धर्मदर्शी व धर्मज्ञ ऋषींनी त्यांच्या बाबतीत तीन रात्र उपवासाचा नियम धर्मजीवन म्हणून घालून दिलेला नाही.

चतुर्थभक्तक्षपणम्the expiation consisting in giving up the fourth meal-time food
चतुर्थभक्तक्षपणम्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootचतुर्थ-भक्त-क्षपण
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
वैश्येfor/in the case of a Vaiśya
वैश्ये:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootवैश्य
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
शूद्रेfor/in the case of a Śūdra
शूद्रे:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootशूद्र
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
विधीयतेis prescribed/ordained
विधीयते:
TypeVerb
Rootधा (वि + धा)
FormPresent, Third, Singular, Ātmanepada, Passive
त्रिरात्रम्three nights (a three-night fast/period)
त्रिरात्रम्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootत्रिरात्र
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
तुbut/however
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
धर्मजीविनाम्of those who live by dharma (righteous men)
धर्मजीविनाम्:
TypeNoun
Rootधर्मजीविन्
FormMasculine, Genitive, Plural
हितम्beneficial/approved
हितम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootहित
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
धर्मदर्शिभिःby the seers of dharma (learned authorities)
धर्मदर्शिभिः:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootधर्मदर्शिन्
FormMasculine, Instrumental, Plural

अंगियरा उवाच

A
Aṅgiras
V
Vaiśya
Ś
Śūdra
D
dharmadarśin (dharma-seers/sages)

Educational Q&A

The verse states a differentiated rule of expiatory fasting: for Vaiśyas and Śūdras, the dharma-authorities prescribe a shorter fast (up to the ‘fourth meal-time,’ understood as two days and two nights), not the stricter three-night fast.

In Anuśāsana Parva’s instruction on dharma and penances, the sage Aṅgiras explains the appropriate duration of fasting as expiation for different social orders, clarifying that a three-night fast is not enjoined for Vaiśyas and Śūdras in this context.