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Shloka 19

Adhyaya 12 — The Son Describes the Narakas: Mahāraurava, Tamas, Nikṛntana, Apratiṣṭha, Asipatravana, and Taptakumbha

Sanskrit

तावद् यावदशेषं वै तत्पापं हि क्षयं गतम् ।

अप्रतिष्ठञ्च नरकं शृणुष्व गदतो मम ॥

Transliteration

tāvad yāvad aśeṣaṃ vai tatpāpaṃ hi kṣayaṃ gatam /

apratiṣṭhaṃ ca narakaṃ śṛṇuṣva gadato mama

Translation

ആ പാപം പൂർണ്ണമായി നശിക്കുന്നതുവരെ (ശിക്ഷ തുടരുന്നു). ഇനി എന്നിൽ നിന്നു കേൾക്കുക—‘അപ്രതിഷ്ഠ’ എന്ന നരകത്തെ ഞാൻ വിവരിക്കുന്നു.

Word by Word
tāvatso long; up to that extent
tāvat:
Adhikarana (अधिकरण)
TypeIndeclinable
Roottāvat (प्रातिपदिक/सर्वनाम-प्रयोग)
Formअव्यय; परिमाण/अवधि-अर्थे (indeclinable of extent/duration)
yāvatas long as; until
yāvat:
Adhikarana (अधिकरण)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootyāvat (प्रातिपदिक/सर्वनाम-प्रयोग)
Formअव्यय; यावत्-तावत्-सम्बन्धे (correlative indeclinable: as long as)
aśeṣamcompletely; without remainder
aśeṣam:
Karma (कर्म)
TypeAdjective
Rootaśeṣa (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया/प्रथमा एकवचन; अव्ययीभावेन क्रियाविशेषणवत् (neuter acc./nom. sg used adverbially)
vaiindeed
vai:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/निपात)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootvai (निपात)
Formनिपात; अवधारण/खलु-अर्थे (particle of emphasis/indeed)
tatthat
tat:
Visheshana (विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Roottad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; विशेषण (demonstrative pronoun used adjectivally)
pāpamsin
pāpam:
Karta (कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootpāpa (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन (neuter nominative singular)
hifor; indeed
hi:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/निपात)
TypeIndeclinable
Roothi (निपात)
Formनिपात; हेतौ/निश्चये (particle: for/indeed)
kṣayamdestruction; end
kṣayam:
Gati-Karma (गति-कर्म)
TypeNoun
Rootkṣaya (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन (masculine accusative singular)
gatamhas gone to; has reached
gatam:
Kriya (क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Root√gam (गम् धातु) + gata (क्त/कृदन्त)
Formक्त-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त (past passive participle); नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; ‘गतम्’ = प्राप्तम्/गतः (PPP used predicatively)
apratiṣṭhamwithout support; unstable
apratiṣṭham:
Visheshana (विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Roota-pratiṣṭha (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन; विशेषण (neuter acc. sg qualifying narakam)
caand
ca:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootca (निपात)
Formसमुच्चयार्थक अव्यय (conjunction)
narakamhell
narakam:
Karma (कर्म)
TypeNoun
Rootnaraka (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन (neuter accusative singular)
śṛṇuṣvalisten
śṛṇuṣva:
Kriya (क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Root√śru (श्रु धातु)
Formलोट् (imperative), मध्यमपुरुष, एकवचन; आत्मनेपद (2nd person sg imperative, Ātmanepada)
gadataḥof (me) speaking
gadataḥ:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/षष्ठी)
TypeVerb
Root√gad (गद् धातु) + gadat (शतृ/कृदन्त)
Formशतृ-प्रत्ययान्त वर्तमान कृदन्त (present active participle); षष्ठी एकवचन, पुंलिङ्ग (genitive singular: ‘of me who is speaking’)
mamamy; of me
mama:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/षष्ठी)
TypeNoun
Rootasmad (अस्मद् सर्वनाम)
Formषष्ठी एकवचन (genitive singular pronoun)
Speakers
Narrator instructing a listener (frame-speakers not determinable from excerpt alone)
Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "bhayanaka", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Primary Deities
Yama (implicit)
Key Themes
Karmic exhaustionNaraka taxonomyInstructional discourse

FAQs

Even extreme suffering is conditioned by karma and ends when demerit is depleted—reinforcing moral causality and the practical importance of avoiding pāpa and cultivating puṇya.

Didactic dharma material; often situated within cosmological descriptions (loka/naraka), which are supportive rather than one of the strict five.

‘Apratiṣṭha’ (‘without footing’) can symbolize a mind with no stable grounding in dharma—falling through states of fear and instability until karmic imbalance is resolved.

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