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Shloka 19

मधुकैटभवधोपाख्यानम्

The Account of the Slaying of Madhu and Kaiṭabha

पुत्रदारविनाशो>त्र ज्ञातीनां सुह्दामपि । परेष्वायत्तताकृच्छूं कि नु दुःखतरं तत:,अपनी आँखोंके सामने स्त्री और पुत्रोंकी मृत्यु होती है। भाई-बन्धु आदि जातिके लोगों और सुहृदोंका सदाके लिये वियोग हो जाता है तथा जीवन-निर्वाहके लिये दूसरोंके अधीन रहकर उनके तिरस्कारका कष्ट भोगना पड़ता है। इससे बढ़कर महान्‌ दुःख और क्‍या हो सकता है?

putradāravināśo ’tra jñātīnāṃ suhṛdām api | pareṣv āyattatā kṛcchraṃ kiṃ nu duḥkhataraṃ tataḥ ||

ബകൻ പറഞ്ഞു—ഇവിടെ സ്വന്തം കണ്ണിന് മുന്നിൽ തന്നെ ഭാര്യയും പുത്രന്മാരും നശിക്കുന്നത് കാണേണ്ടിവരും; ബന്ധുക്കളും പ്രിയ സുഹൃത്തുക്കളും പോലും ശാശ്വതമായി വേർപിരിയുന്നു. വെറും ഉപജീവനത്തിനായി മറ്റുള്ളവരെ ആശ്രയിച്ച് കഷ്ടവും അപമാനവും സഹിക്കണം—ഇതിലേറെ ദുഃഖം എന്തുണ്ട്?

पुत्रof sons
पुत्र:
Sambandha
TypeNoun
Rootपुत्र
FormMasculine, Genitive, Plural
दारof wives
दार:
Sambandha
TypeNoun
Rootदार
FormMasculine, Genitive, Plural
विनाशःdestruction, death
विनाशः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootविनाश
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
अत्रhere
अत्र:
Adhikarana
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअत्र
ज्ञातीनाम्of kinsmen
ज्ञातीनाम्:
Sambandha
TypeNoun
Rootज्ञाति
FormMasculine, Genitive, Plural
सुहृदाम्of friends, well-wishers
सुहृदाम्:
Sambandha
TypeNoun
Rootसुहृद्
FormMasculine, Genitive, Plural
अपिalso, even
अपि:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअपि
परेषुin/under others
परेषु:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootपर
FormMasculine, Locative, Plural
आयत्तताdependence (being subject)
आयत्तता:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootआयत्तता
FormFeminine, Nominative, Singular
कृच्छ्रम्hardship, distress
कृच्छ्रम्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootकृच्छ्र
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
किम्what?
किम्:
TypePronoun
Rootकिम्
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
नुindeed, pray (interrogative particle)
नु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootनु
दुःखतरम्more painful, more sorrowful
दुःखतरम्:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootदुःखतर
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular
ततःthan that, from that
ततः:
Apadana
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormNeuter, Ablative, Singular
तत्that
तत्:
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
FormNeuter, Nominative, Singular

बक उवाच

बक (Baka)

Educational Q&A

The verse highlights a hierarchy of human suffering: the loss of immediate family, permanent separation from one’s support network, and the degrading hardship of living in dependence on others. It implicitly warns that social and economic vulnerability can compound grief, making self-reliance and protection of family/community central ethical concerns.

Baka is speaking about the extremity of misery experienced when one’s household is destroyed and one is forced into a dependent life among others, facing contempt. The statement functions as a lament and a rhetorical question to emphasize that such compounded losses represent the peak of worldly दुःख (sorrow).