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Shloka 1

रणभूमिवर्णनम् — Devāsuropama-yuddha and the ‘River’ Metaphor of the Battlefield

ऑपन--माज बछ। ऊँ ्स:-आ अष्टमो> ध्याय: उभयपक्षकी सेनाओंका समरांगणमें उपस्थित होना एवं बची हुई दोनों सेनाओंकी संख्याका वर्णन संजय उवाच व्यतीतायां रजन्यां तु राजा दुर्योधनस्तदा । अब्रवीत्‌ तावकान्‌ सर्वान्‌ संनहान्तां महारथा:,संजय कहते हैं--जब रात व्यतीत हो गयी, तब राजा दुर्योधनने आपके समस्त सैनिकोंसे कहा--“महारथीगण कवच बाँधकर युद्धके लिये तैयार हो जाय

sañjaya uvāca

vyatītāyāṁ rajanyāṁ tu rājā duryodhanas tadā |

abravīt tāvakān sarvān sannahantāṁ mahārathāḥ ||

സഞ്ജയൻ പറഞ്ഞു—രാത്രി കഴിഞ്ഞപ്പോൾ രാജാവ് ദുര്യോധനൻ അപ്പോൾ നിങ്ങളുടെ എല്ലാ യോദ്ധാക്കളോടും പറഞ്ഞു—“മഹാരഥന്മാർ കവചം ധരിച്ചു യുദ്ധത്തിന് സന്നദ്ധരാകട്ടെ.”

संजयःSanjaya
संजयः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootसंजय
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
TypeVerb
Rootवच्
FormPerfect (Paroksha-bhuta), Third, Singular
व्यतीतायाम्when (it was) passed/elapsed
व्यतीतायाम्:
Adhikarana
TypeAdjective
Rootव्यतीत (वि+अत्/इ; past passive participle used adjectivally)
FormFeminine, Locative, Singular
रजन्याम्in the night
रजन्याम्:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootरजनी
FormFeminine, Locative, Singular
तुbut/indeed
तु:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु
राजाthe king
राजा:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootराजन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
दुर्योधनःDuryodhana
दुर्योधनः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootदुर्योधन
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
तदाthen
तदा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतदा
अब्रवीत्said/spoke
अब्रवीत्:
TypeVerb
Rootब्रू
FormImperfect (Anadyatana-bhuta), Third, Singular
तावकान्your (men), your side's
तावकान्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootतावक
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
सर्वान्all
सर्वान्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootसर्व
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
संनह्यन्ताम्let them arm themselves / prepare
संनह्यन्ताम्:
TypeVerb
Rootसम्+नह्
FormImperative, Third, Plural, Atmanepada
महारथाःgreat chariot-warriors
महारथाः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootमहारथ
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural

संजय उवाच

S
Sañjaya
D
Duryodhana
D
Dhṛtarāṣṭra (implied by 'tāvakān')
M
mahārathāḥ (elite chariot-warriors)

Educational Q&A

The verse underscores how authority and collective readiness can perpetuate violence: once leaders command and warriors comply, war renews itself day after day, raising ethical questions about responsibility, obedience, and the momentum of conflict.

After the night ends, Duryodhana addresses the Kaurava side and instructs the great chariot-fighters to put on armor and prepare to fight, signaling the armies’ reassembly and the continuation of battle.