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Shloka 59

Ahiṃsā as Threefold Restraint (Mind–Speech–Action) and the Ethics of Consumption

गर्दभवत्वं तु सम्प्राप्प दश वर्षाणि जीवति । संवत्सरं तु कुम्भीरस्ततो जायेत मानव:,गदहेका शरीर पाकर वह दस वर्षोंतक जीवित रहता है। फिर एक सालतक घड़ियाल रहनेके बाद मानवयोनिमें उत्पन्न होता है

gardhabhatvaṁ tu samprāpya daśa varṣāṇi jīvati | saṁvatsaraṁ tu kumbhīras tato jāyeta mānavaḥ ||

കഴുതയായ നില പ്രാപിച്ചാൽ അവൻ പത്ത് വർഷം ജീവിക്കുന്നു. പിന്നെ ഒരു വർഷം കുംഭീരൻ (മുതലവർഗം) ആയി കഴിഞ്ഞ്, തുടർന്ന് മനുഷ്യയോണിയിൽ ജനിക്കുന്നു.

gardabhavatvamdonkey-hood (state of being a donkey)
gardabhavatvam:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootgardabha + -tva (pratyaya)
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
tubut/indeed
tu:
TypeIndeclinable
Roottu
samprāpyahaving attained
samprāpya:
TypeVerb
Rootsam-√āp (āpnoti) / √prāp (prāpnoti)
FormAbsolutive (ktvā/lyap), Active
daśaten
daśa:
TypeAdjective
Rootdaśa
FormAll, Accusative, Plural
varṣāṇiyears
varṣāṇi:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootvarṣa
FormNeuter, Accusative, Plural
jīvatilives
jīvati:
TypeVerb
Root√jīv (jīvati)
FormPresent (Lat), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
saṃvatsaramfor a year / one year
saṃvatsaram:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootsaṃvatsara
FormMasculine, Accusative, Singular
tuand/but
tu:
TypeIndeclinable
Roottu
kumbhīraḥa crocodile/gharial
kumbhīraḥ:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootkumbhīra
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
tataḥthen/thereafter
tataḥ:
TypeIndeclinable
Roottataḥ
jāyetawould be born / is born
jāyeta:
TypeVerb
Root√jan (jāyate)
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Ātmanepada
mānavaḥa human (man)
mānavaḥ:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootmānava
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular

युधिछिर उवाच

Y
Yudhiṣṭhira
G
gardabha (donkey)
K
kumbhīra (crocodilian/gharial)
M
mānava (human being)

Educational Q&A

The verse conveys karmic moral causality: unethical actions can result in degrading, painful rebirths, yet the cycle is not permanent—after experiencing the consequences, one may return to human birth, where dharma and right conduct can be chosen again.

Yudhiṣṭhira is speaking within a discussion on dharma and the fruits of actions. He cites a sequence of rebirths—donkey for ten years, then kumbhīra for one year, then human birth—to illustrate how specific karmic outcomes unfold over time.