Agni Purana — Sahitya-shastra, Shloka 5
Arthālaṅkāras (Ornaments of Meaning): Definitions, Taxonomy, and the Centrality of Upamā
विधुरेवेति ख , ट च सादृश्यं धर्मसामान्यमुपमा रूपकं तथा महोक्त्यर्थान्तरन्यासाविति स्यात्तु चतुर्विधम्
vidhureveti kha , ṭa ca sādṛśyaṃ dharmasāmānyamupamā rūpakaṃ tathā mahoktyarthāntaranyāsāviti syāttu caturvidham
ອຸປະມາ (upamā) ຫຼືການປຽບທຽບ ມີ 4 ປະເພດ: (1) ສາດຣິສຍະ (sādṛśya) ຄວາມຄ້າຍຄື, (2) ທັມມະ-ສາມານຍະ (dharma-sāmānya) ຄວາມທົ່ວໄປຂອງຄຸນລັກສະນະຮ່ວມ, (3) ຣູປະກະ (rūpaka) ອຸປະມາແບບອຸປະມາອຸປະໄມ/ອຸປະມາເປັນຮູບ, (4) ຄູ່ກັນ—ມະໂຫກຕິ (mahokti) ຄໍາກ່າວເກີນຈິງ ແລະ ອັດຖານຕະຣະນຍາສະ (arthāntaranyāsa) ການຢືນຢັນດ້ວຍຖ້ອຍຄໍາອື່ນ.
Lord Agni (in discourse to Sage Vasiṣṭha, Agni Purāṇa’s standard frame)
Vidya Category: {"primary_vidya":"Alamkara","secondary_vidya":"Samanya","practical_application":"Compose and analyze similes by identifying which subtype is used—plain resemblance, shared-attribute generality, metaphorical identification, or supportive devices like hyperbolic statement and arthāntaranyāsa—to strengthen imagery and persuasion.","sutra_style":true}
Encyclopedic Reference: {"reference_type":"List","entry_title":"Upamā (Simile)—Fourfold Classification","lookup_keywords":["upamā","sādṛśya","dharma-sāmānya","rūpaka","mahokti","arthāntaranyāsa"],"quick_summary":"Upamā is presented as fourfold: based on resemblance, on shared attribute-generalization, as metaphor (rūpaka), and as a pair of allied meaning-devices (mahokti and arthāntaranyāsa). Use the subtype that best matches the intended emphasis—image, attribute, identity, or justification."}
Alamkara Type: Upamā (with sādṛśya, dharma-sāmānya, rūpaka; plus mahokti/arthāntaranyāsa as allied)
Concept: Meaning-figures can be systematically classified; comparison and identification are tools for cognition and aesthetic relish.
Application: When crafting a verse, decide: (a) show likeness (upamā), (b) foreground shared quality (dharma-sāmānya), (c) assert identity (rūpaka), (d) add force via mahokti or justify via arthāntaranyāsa.
Khanda Section: Sahitya-shastra (Alankara-shastra / Sanskrit Poetics)
Primary Rasa: Adbhuta
Secondary Rasa: Shanta
Visual Art Cues: {"scene_description":"A didactic tableau showing four panels: (1) two objects compared (sādṛśya), (2) a shared attribute highlighted (dharma-sāmānya), (3) one object depicted as the other (rūpaka), (4) a bold hyperbolic claim supported by a confirming statement (mahokti + arthāntaranyāsa).","kerala_mural_prompt":"Kerala mural, four-register narrative with labeled panels for sādṛśya, dharma-sāmānya, rūpaka, mahokti/arthāntaranyāsa, strong outlines, traditional color blocks, palm-leaf label motifs","tanjore_prompt":"Tanjore, four ornate framed vignettes with gold-leaf borders, each illustrating a comparison/metaphor scene, Sanskrit labels in cartouches, rich reds and greens, embossed highlights","mysore_prompt":"Mysore painting, clean instructional four-panel diagram with small illustrative scenes and clear captions, delicate shading, emphasis on pedagogical clarity","mughal_miniature_prompt":"Mughal miniature, album-page layout with four small paintings and calligraphic headings, refined detail, subtle humor in hyperbole panel, balanced composition"}
Audio Atmosphere: {"recitation_mood":"instructional","suggested_raga":"Hamsadhwani","pace":"medium","voice_tone":"instructional"}
Sandhi Resolution Notes: विधुरेवेति→विधुरा इव इति; धर्मसामान्यमुपमा→धर्मसामान्यम् उपमा; महोक्त्यर्थान्तरन्यासाविति→महाउक्ति अर्थान्तरन्यासौ इति (द्विवचन); स्यात्तु→स्यात् तु
Related Themes: Agni Purana 343 (arthālaṅkāra definitions continuing: upamā/rūpaka/atiśaya/arthāntaranyāsa); Agni Purana 342 (śabdālaṅkāra contrast)
FAQs
It teaches a technical kavya-śāstra classification: simile (upamā) is analyzed into four modes—resemblance, shared attribute, metaphorical identification (rūpaka), and the related explanatory styles of hyperbole (mahokti) and arthāntaranyāsa (support by an additional maxim/statement).
Beyond ritual and dharma topics, the Agni Purāṇa preserves formal Sanskrit literary theory (alaṅkāra-śāstra), showing it functions as a compendium that also codifies aesthetics and rhetoric used in classical poetry and discourse.
While not a ritual injunction, it supports dharmic communication: mastering precise, persuasive, and tasteful expression is treated in Indian tradition as a means to convey śāstra correctly and uphold right understanding (samyag-jñāna) through refined speech.