Ramayana — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 80, Shloka 9

मर्गनिर्माणम्

Roadworks and the Royal Route Prepared for Bharata

Devanagari script

अपरेऽपूरयन्कूपान्पांसुभि श्श्वभ्रमायतम्।निम्नभागान्स्ततः केचित्समान्श्चक्रु स्समन्ततः।।।।

Transliteration

apare 'pūrayankūpān pāṃsubhiḥ śvabhram āyatam | nimnabhāgān tataḥ kecit samān cakruḥ samantataḥ ||

Translation

ある者は井戸や広い裂け目を土で埋め、ついで別の者は低地をならして、四方を等しく平らにした。

Word by Word

• apare: others
• apare: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: apara (अपर-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Bahuvacana

• apūrayan: filled
• apūrayan: Kriyā (क्रिया/Verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: ā + √pṝ (पॄ, to fill)
• Form: Laṅ lakāra (Imperfect), Prathama puruṣa, Bahuvacana; parasmaipada

• kūpān: wells
• kūpān: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kūpa (कूप-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Dvitīyā, Bahuvacana

• pāṃsubhiḥ: with earth/loose soil
• pāṃsubhiḥ: Karaṇa (करण/Instrument)
• Type: Noun
• Root: pāṃsu (पांसु-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Tṛtīyā, Bahuvacana

• śvabhram: chasm / pit
• śvabhram: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: śvabhra (श्वभ्र-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Napुंसकलिङ्ग, Dvitīyā, Ekavacana; apposition/object with āyatam

• āyatam: wide / extended
• āyatam: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: āyata (आयत-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Napुंसकलिङ्ग, Dvitīyā, Ekavacana; viśeṣaṇa of śvabhram

• nimna-bhāgān: low-lying areas
• nimna-bhāgān: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: nimna + bhāga (निम्न + भाग-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Dvitīyā, Bahuvacana; tatpuruṣa: nimnāḥ bhāgāḥ (low-lying parts)

• tataḥ: then / thereafter
• tataḥ: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Sequence)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tataḥ (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya; adverb of sequence (क्रमवाचक)

• kecit: some (others)
• kecit: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kim + cit (किम् + चित्)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Bahuvacana

• samān: level / even
• samān: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: sama (सम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Dvitīyā, Bahuvacana; viśeṣaṇa of nimna-bhāgān (understood)

• cakruḥ: made
• cakruḥ: Kriyā (क्रिया/Verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √kṛ (कृ)
• Form: Liṭ lakāra (Perfect), Prathama puruṣa, Bahuvacana; parasmaipada

• samantataḥ: on all sides / everywhere
• samantataḥ: Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Locative sense)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: samantataḥ (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya; adverb (परितोवाचक) meaning 'on all sides/throughout'

Context

Some filled wells and chasms with loose soil, while others made low level grounds plain and wide on all sides.

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma here is precaution and public responsibility: removing hidden dangers (pits, chasms) so that others may travel without harm.

What is the narrative situation?

Preparatory work continues—hazards are filled and uneven ground is leveled to create safe, passable routes.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Foresight (pragñā) and care for others’ welfare—anticipating risks and preventing injury.