Shloka 101

Adhyaya 8 — Harishchandra’s Trial: Truth, the Sale of Family, and Bondage to a Chandala

Sanskrit

राज्यनाशः सुहृत्त्यागो भार्यातनयविक्रयः । प्राप्ता चाण्डालताचैवमहो दुःखपरम्परा ॥

Transliteration

rājyānāśaḥ suhṛttyāgo bhāryātanaya-vikrayaḥ | prāptā caṇḍālatā ceyam aho duḥkha-paramparā ||

Translation

「王国の喪失、友の離反、妻子を売り渡すこと、そして今やチャンダーラの境遇へ転落——ああ、なんと途切れぬ悲苦の連なりよ！」

Word by Word

• rājya-nāśaḥ: loss of kingdom
• rājya-nāśaḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: rājya (प्रातिपदिक) + nāśa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Ekavacana; ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa ‘rājyasya nāśaḥ’

• suhṛt-tyāgaḥ: abandonment of friends
• suhṛt-tyāgaḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: suhṛt (प्रातिपदिक) + tyāga (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Ekavacana; ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa ‘suhṛdāṃ tyāgaḥ’

• bhāryā-tanaya-vikrayaḥ: sale of wife and son
• bhāryā-tanaya-vikrayaḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: bhāryā (प्रातिपदिक) + tanaya (प्रातिपदिक) + vikraya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga, Prathamā, Ekavacana; ṣaṣṭhī-tatpuruṣa ‘bhāryāyāḥ tanayasya ca vikrayaḥ’ (selling of wife/son)

• prāptā: has been attained/has come
• prāptā: Kriyā (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: āp (धातु)
• Form: Past passive participle (क्त), Strīliṅga, Prathamā, Ekavacana; agrees with duḥkhaparamparā

• caṇḍālatā: state of being a caṇḍāla
• caṇḍālatā: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: caṇḍāla (प्रातिपदिक) + -tā (तद्धित)
• Form: Strīliṅga, Prathamā, Ekavacana

• ca: and
• ca: Samuccaya (समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya; conjunction (समुच्चय)

• iyam: this
• iyam: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: idam (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Strīliṅga, Prathamā, Ekavacana; deictic pronoun

• aho: alas!/ah!
• aho: Bhāva (भाव)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: aho (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya; exclamation particle (विस्मय/शोक-निपात)

• duḥkha-paramparā: a succession of sorrows
• duḥkha-paramparā: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: duḥkha (प्रातिपदिक) + paramparā (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Strīliṅga, Prathamā, Ekavacana; tatpuruṣa ‘duḥkhānāṃ paramparā’

Speakers

• Within the Suratha–Samādhi narrative: a sufferer (commonly Samādhi the merchant in many recensions) voices his calamities in the presence of Medhas Ṛṣi

Shakti Aspects

• Not directly invoked in this verse (prelude to Devi-upāsanā in the surrounding passage)

Key Themes

• Duḥkha (worldly suffering)
• Vairāgya (dispassion arising from loss)
• Karma and reversal of fortune
• Social fall and stigma (caṇḍālatā)
• Motivation for seeking refuge in Devī

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The verse compresses a classic Purāṇic diagnosis of saṃsāra: external supports—power, relationships, family security, and social standing—are unstable. The ethical takeaway is not despair but clarity: suffering can mature into viveka (discernment) and push one toward higher refuge (dharma, tapas, and ultimately Devī-upāsanā in this section).

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

This verse belongs chiefly to a narrative/didactic episode rather than a direct pañcalakṣaṇa category. Indirectly it supports ‘vaṃśānucarita’ (accounts of persons and events) by portraying the personal crises that lead characters into the Devī Mahātmya’s revelatory teaching.

What is the esoteric significance?

Esoterically, the ‘succession of sorrows’ symbolizes the stripping away of ego-identities: ruler (status), friend-network (social self), family-ownership (possessiveness), and caste-marker (constructed identity). When these layers collapse, the seeker becomes inward-facing—fit for śaraṇāgati (surrender) and for receiving the Devī’s teaching as the stable ground beyond worldly designations.