Shloka 5

Adhyaya 38 — Dattatreya on Non-Identification (Mamata) and the Path to Liberation

Sanskrit

सोऽहं न दुःखी न सुखी यतोऽहं प्रकृतेः परः ।

यो भूताभिभवो भूतैः सुखदुःखात्मकॊ हि सः ॥

Transliteration

so 'haṃ na duḥkhī na sukhī yato 'haṃ prakṛteḥ paraḥ |

yo bhūtābhibhavo bhūtaiḥ sukhaduḥkhātmako hi saḥ ||

Translation

ゆえに私は悲しみも喜びもない。私はプラクリティ（物質的自然）を超えているからである。諸存在や諸条件に圧倒される者は、まことに楽と苦とから成り立っている。

Word by Word

• saḥ: he; that (one)
• saḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन

• aham: I
• aham: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: asmad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन

• na: not
• na: Pratiṣedha (प्रतिषेध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: na (अव्यय)
• Form: निषेध-निपात

• duḥkhī: sorrowful
• duḥkhī: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: duḥkhin (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; ‘aham’ इत्यस्य विशेषण

• na: nor
• na: Pratiṣedha (प्रतिषेध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: na (अव्यय)
• Form: निषेध-निपात

• sukhī: happy
• sukhī: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: sukhin (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; ‘aham’ इत्यस्य विशेषण

• yataḥ: because
• yataḥ: Hetu (हेतु)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: yatas (अव्यय)
• Form: हेतुवाचक-अव्यय (causal indeclinable: because)

• aham: I
• aham: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: asmad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन

• prakṛteḥ: from nature; beyond prakṛti
• prakṛteḥ: Apādāna (अपादान)
• Type: Noun
• Root: prakṛti (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, पञ्चमी विभक्ति (अपादान), एकवचन

• paraḥ: beyond; transcendent
• paraḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: para (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; ‘aham’ इत्यस्य विशेषण

• yaḥ: who
• yaḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; सम्बन्धक (relative pronoun)

• bhūta-abhibhavaḥ: the overpowering (of) beings; conqueror of beings
• bhūta-abhibhavaḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: bhūta + abhibhava (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; समासः—तत्पुरुष (bhūtānām abhibhavaḥ = overpowering of beings / one who overpowers beings)

• bhūtaiḥ: by beings
• bhūtaiḥ: Karaṇa (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: bhūta (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, तृतीया विभक्ति (करण), बहुवचन

• sukha-duḥkha-ātmakaḥ: consisting of pleasure and pain
• sukha-duḥkha-ātmakaḥ: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: sukha + duḥkha + ātmaka (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; समासः—द्वन्द्व (sukhaṃ ca duḥkhaṃ ca) + तत्पुरुष (tayor ātmakaḥ = consisting of both)

• hi: indeed; for
• hi: Avadhāraṇa (अवधारण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: hi (अव्यय)
• Form: निपात (emphatic/causal particle)

• saḥ: he
• saḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा विभक्ति, एकवचन; ‘yaḥ ... saḥ’ सहसंबन्ध

Speakers

• Jaḍa to Dattātreya

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "bhakti", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Ātman distinct from prakṛti
• Equanimity
• Bondage as being overpowered by conditions

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Freedom is defined as dis-identification: happiness and sorrow apply to the conditioned personality, not to the witnessing Self. Practically, this supports steadiness amid gain/loss.

How does this fit the Pancalakṣaṇa (5 characteristics)?

Jnana-oriented instruction; ancillary to dharma teaching rather than a pancalakṣaṇa enumeration.

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Beyond prakṛti’ signals a Sāṃkhya/Upaniṣadic register: puruṣa (witness) is untouched; sukha-duḥkha arise where identification with guṇas persists.