Shloka 45

Adhyaya 14 — The Messenger of Yama Explains Karmic Retribution and the Causes of Naraka Torments

Sanskrit

मित्रभेदं तथा पित्रा पुत्रस्य स्वजनस्य च ।

याज्योपाध्याययोर्मात्रा सुतस्य सहचारिणः ॥

Transliteration

mitrabhedaṃ tathā pitrā putrasya svajanasya ca /

yājyopādhyāyayor mātrā sutasya sahacāriṇaḥ

Translation

友の間に、父と子の間に、自らの親族の間に、また祭主とその執行する祭司・師の間に、母と子の間に、さらに仲間の間に離間を生じさせた者どもが、（次に）説き明かされる。

Word by Word

• मित्रभेदम्: division/quarrel among friends
• मित्रभेदम्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मित्र + भेद (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (mitrasya bhedaḥ), पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया, एकवचन

• तथा: likewise / also
• तथा: Kriyāviśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: क्रियाविशेषण-अव्यय (adverb)

• पित्रा: by the father
• पित्रा: Karaṇa (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पितृ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (Instrumental/करण), एकवचन

• पुत्रस्य: of the son
• पुत्रस्य: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पुत्र (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी (Genitive), एकवचन

• स्वजनस्य: of one’s own kinsman/people
• स्वजनस्य: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: स्वजन (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: कर्मधारयः (sva + jana = one's own people), पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी, एकवचन

• च: and
• च: Samuccaya (समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय-अव्यय (conjunction)

• याज्योपाध्याययोः: of the patron-to-be-sacrificed-for and the teacher
• याज्योपाध्याययोः: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: याज्य + उपाध्याय (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: इतरेतर-द्वन्द्वः (yājyaḥ ca upādhyāyaḥ ca), पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी/सप्तमी द्विवचन-रूपम्; अत्र षष्ठी (Genitive) द्विवचन

• मात्रा: by the mother
• मात्रा: Karaṇa (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मातृ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, तृतीया (Instrumental), एकवचन

• सुतस्य: of the son
• सुतस्य: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सुत (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी, एकवचन

• सहचारिणः: of the companion
• सहचारिणः: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सहचारिन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी (Genitive), एकवचन; -inान्त-शब्द

Speakers

• Didactic narration (frame-speaker not explicit in excerpt)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "karuna", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Dharma
• Social harmony
• Sin of sowing discord
• Householder ethics

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Deliberately breaking trust in foundational relationships (family, friendship, teacher-priest relations) is a serious adharma because it destroys the very networks through which dharma, learning, and sacrifice are sustained.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Ethical/social dharma instruction (ācāra) presented in naraka context; not a direct sarga/pratisarga/etc. unit.

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Bheda’ symbolizes fragmentation of the inner person as well—when one delights in splitting others, one’s own mind becomes divided, losing ekāgratā (wholeness), which is essential for dharmic life and spiritual progress.