Srimad Bhagavatam — Panchama Skandha, Shloka 5
Kāla-cakra and the Motions of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Grahas
Bhāgavata Jyotiṣa Framework
अथ स एष आत्मा लोकानां द्यावापृथिव्योरन्तरेण नभोवलयस्य कालचक्रगतो द्वादश मासान् भुङ्क्ते राशिसंज्ञान् संवत्सरावयवान्मास: पक्षद्वयं दिवा नक्तं चेति सपादर्क्षद्वयमुपदिशन्ति यावता षष्ठमंशं भुञ्जीत स वै ऋतुरित्युपदिश्यते संवत्सरावयव: ॥ ५ ॥
atha sa eṣa ātmā lokānāṁ dyāv-āpṛthivyor antareṇa nabho-valayasya kālacakra-gato dvādaśa māsān bhuṅkte rāśi-saṁjñān saṁvatsarāvayavān māsaḥ pakṣa-dvayaṁ divā naktaṁ ceti sapādarkṣa-dvayam upadiśanti yāvatā ṣaṣṭham aṁśaṁ bhuñjīta sa vai ṛtur ity upadiśyate saṁvatsarāvayavaḥ.
太陽神—諸世界の魂たるナーラーヤナ／ヴィシュヌ—は天と地の間の外空にあり、時の輪に乗って十二の月を巡る。黄道十二宮に触れるごとに十二の名を帯びる。その十二月の総和がサンヴァツァラ（年）である。月の計算では、白分と黒分の二半月が一月となり、祖霊界（ピトリローカ）では同じ期間が一昼夜に当たる。星宿の計算では一月は二と四分の一の宿に等しい。太陽が二月を行けば年の六分の一が満ち、これをリトゥ（季）といい、季節は年の肢分と説かれる。
FAQs
This verse explains that within the celestial sphere the luminary/time-marker moves through divisions of time—months, fortnights, day and night—showing how the cosmos is structured by the wheel of time.
Śukadeva Gosvāmī is instructing Mahārāja Parīkṣit about cosmic time divisions—months named by rāśis, months made of pakṣas and days/nights, and seasons as one-sixth of the year.
It encourages seeing time as sacred and ordered—using daily, fortnightly, and seasonal cycles for disciplined sādhana, gratitude, and remembrance of the Lord who governs time.