Sutra 21

Devanagari script

ये च कारणादभिक्रुद्धास्तानर्थमानाभ्यां शमयेत् अकारणक्रुद्धांस्तूष्णीं दण्डेन राजद्विष्टकारिणश्च ॥ कZ_०१.११.२१ ॥

Transliteration

ye ca kāraṇād abhikruddhās tān arthamānābhyāṃ śamayet akāraṇakruddhāṃs tūṣṇīṃ daṇḍena rājadvīṣṭakāriṇaś ca

Translation

理由あって怒る者は、利益と名誉によって宥めるべきである。理由なく怒る者は、黙して刑罰によって（処するべきである）。また王に敵対する行いをする者も同様である。

Word by Word

• ये: those who
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: यद्
• Form: sarvanāma; prathamā-vibhakti; bahuvacana; puṃliṅga (contextually ‘those (men)’); relative pronoun

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: samuccaya-nipāta

• कारणात्: for a (valid) reason; with cause
• Type: Noun
• Root: कारण
• Form: pañcamī-vibhakti; ekavacana; napuṃsakaliṅga; apādāna/hetu-artha (‘from/for a reason’)

• अभिक्रुद्धाः: (those) who are enraged
• Type: Participle
• Root: क्रुध्
• Form: kṛdanta; bhūta-kṛdanta (kta/naṣṭa-type sense); prathamā-vibhakti; bahuvacana; puṃliṅga; upasarga: अभि-; ‘having become very angry’

• तान्: them
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: sarvanāma; dvitīyā-vibhakti; bahuvacana; puṃliṅga

• अर्थ: by wealth/benefit (material means)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अर्थ
• Form: tṛtīyā-vibhakti; ekavacana; puṃliṅga; karaṇa (‘by means of wealth/benefit’)

• मानाभ्याम्: and by honour/respect (two means)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मान
• Form: tṛtīyā-vibhakti; dvivacana; puṃliṅga; karaṇa (‘by honour/respect’)

• शमयेत्: he should pacify
• Type: Verb
• Root: शम्
• Form: laṅ? (actually optative/vidhi-liṅ); parasmaipada; prathama-puruṣa; ekavacana; causative not; ‘should pacify’

• अकारणक्रुद्धान्: those who are angry without cause
• Type: Adjectival compound (Participle-based)
• Root: क्रुध्
• Form: samāsa: अ-कारण + क्रुद्ध; dvitīyā-vibhakti; bahuvacana; puṃliṅga; ‘angry without cause’

• तु: but
• Type: Particle
• Root: तु
• Form: viśeṣa/avadhāraṇa-nipāta (‘but/however’)

• ऊष्णीं: silently; without words
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तूष्णीम्/तूष्णी
• Form: avyaya; manner adverb (‘silently’)

• दण्डेन: by punishment/penal force
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: tṛtīyā-vibhakti; ekavacana; puṃliṅga; karaṇa (‘by punishment’)

• राजद्विष्टकारिणः: and those who act as the king’s enemies
• Type: Compound noun (agent)
• Root: कृ
• Form: samāsa: राज-द्विष्ट-कारिन् (‘one who acts as a hater/enemy of the king’); prathamā-vibhakti; bahuvacana; puṃliṅga; agent-noun: कारिन् (< कृ + in)

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: samuccaya-nipāta

Entities Mentioned

• king
• disaffected persons
• hostile actors

More Details

FAQs

Why punish ‘without publicity’ (tūṣṇīm)?

Quiet enforcement prevents martyrs, reduces backlash, and keeps the ruler’s image stable while still deterring hostile behavior.