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Shiva Purana — Vayaviya Samhita, Shloka 82

अनुग्रह-स्वातन्त्र्य-प्रमाणविचारः | Inquiry into Pramāṇa, Divine Autonomy, and Grace

कथं दुःखं करोतीति नात्र कार्या विचारणा । दुःखमेव हि सर्वो ऽपि संसार इति निश्चितम्

kathaṃ duḥkhaṃ karotīti nātra kāryā vicāraṇā | duḥkhameva hi sarvo 'pi saṃsāra iti niścitam

Il n’est pas besoin ici d’examiner comment cela engendre la souffrance ; car il est établi avec certitude que tout le saṃsāra, le cycle de l’existence mondaine, n’est rien d’autre que souffrance.

कथम्how?
कथम्:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Interrogative)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootकथम् (अव्यय)
Formप्रश्नार्थक-अव्यय (interrogative adverb)
दुःखम्pain; suffering
दुःखम्:
Karma (कर्म/Object)
TypeNoun
Rootदुःख (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (Accusative), एकवचन
करोतिdoes; causes
करोति:
Kriyā (क्रिया/Verb)
TypeVerb
Rootकृ (धातु)
Formलट् (Present), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; परस्मैपद
इतिthus
इति:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Quotation marker)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइति (अव्यय)
Formउद्धरण/इत्यर्थ (quotative)
not
:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Negation)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootन (अव्यय)
Formनिषेध (negation particle)
अत्रhere; in this matter
अत्र:
Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण/Domain)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअत्र (अव्यय)
Formदेशवाचक-अव्यय (locative adverb: ‘here/in this matter’)
कार्याto be done; necessary
कार्या:
Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
TypeAdjective
Rootकार्य (प्रातिपदिक)
Formस्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; विधेय-विशेषण (predicative adjective) ‘विचारणा’ इति विशेष्यस्य
विचारणाinquiry; deliberation
विचारणा:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
TypeNoun
Rootविचारणा (प्रातिपदिक)
Formस्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन
दुःखम्pain alone
दुःखम्:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject complement)
TypeNoun
Rootदुःख (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन; ‘दुःखम् एव’ (emphatic)
एवindeed; only
एव:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Emphasis)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव (अव्यय)
Formअवधारण (emphasis particle)
हिindeed; for
हि:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Reason particle)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootहि (अव्यय)
Formहेतौ/निश्चयार्थ (particle: ‘for/indeed’)
सर्वःentire; all
सर्वः:
Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण/Qualifier)
TypeAdjective
Rootसर्व (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; विशेषण ‘संसारः’ इति विशेष्यस्य
अपिeven; also
अपि:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Particle)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअपि (अव्यय)
Formसमुच्चय/अप्यर्थ (particle: ‘also/even’)
संसारःworldly existence; saṃsāra
संसारः:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
TypeNoun
Rootसंसार (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन
इतिthus
इति:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Quotation marker)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootइति (अव्यय)
Formउद्धरण/इत्यर्थ (quotative)
निश्चितम्ascertained; decided
निश्चितम्:
Kriyāviśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण/Predicative qualifier)
TypeAdjective
Rootनि + चि (धातु) → निश्चित (कृदन्त/प्रातिपदिक)
Formभूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (PPP); नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; ‘(इति) निश्चितम्’ = ‘it is ascertained’

Suta Goswami

Tattva Level: pasha

S
Shiva

FAQs

The verse establishes a key Shaiva philosophical stance: conditioned existence is intrinsically duḥkha, so liberation must be sought through turning toward Pati (Shiva) rather than trying to perfect samsaric life.

Recognizing samsara as duḥkha motivates refuge in Saguna Shiva through Linga-upasana; devotion and surrender purify the pashu (bound soul) and loosen pasha (bondage), leading toward Shiva-realization.

The practical takeaway is vairagya supported by Shiva-sadhana—steady japa of the Panchakshara (Om Namaḥ Śivāya) and contemplative inquiry into the nature of bondage, alongside simple disciplines like bhasma and rudraksha when undertaken with devotion.