Shloka 14

Adhyātma–Adhibhūta–Adhidaivata Correspondences and the Triguṇa Lakṣaṇas (Śānti-parva 301)

Devanagari script

सत्त्वं दशगुणं ज्ञात्वा रजो नवगुणं तथा । तमश्नाष्टगुणं ज्ञात्वा बुद्धिं सप्तगुणां तथा,वक्ताओंमें श्रेष्ठ नरेश्वर! जो ज्ञानके द्वारा मनुष्य, पिशाच, राक्षस, यक्ष, सर्प, गन्धर्व, पितर, तिर्यग्योनि, गरुड़, मरुदण, रार्जर्षि, ब्रह्मर्षि, असुर, विश्वेदेव, देवर्षि, योगी, प्रजापति तथा ब्रह्माजीके भी सम्पूर्ण दुर्जय विषयोंकों सदोष जानकर, संसारके मनुष्योंका परमायुकाल तथा सुखके परमतत्त्वका ठीक-ठीक ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लेते हैं और विषयोंकी इच्छा रखनेवाले पुरुषोंको समय-समयपर जो दु:ख प्राप्त होता है, उसको, तिर्यग्योनि और नरकमें पड़नेवाले जीवोंके दुःखको, स्वर्ग तथा वेदकी फल-श्रुतियोंके सम्पूर्ण गुण-दोषोंको जानकर ज्ञानयोग, सांख्यज्ञान और योगमार्गके गुण-दोषोंको भी समझ लेते हैं तथा भरतनन्दन! सत्त्वगुणके दस, रजोगुणके नौउ, तमोगुणके आठ, बुद्धिके सातरं, मनके छ:5 और आकाशके पाँचः गुणोंका ज्ञान प्राप्त करके बुद्धिके दूसरे चार, तमोगुणके दूसरे तीन, रजोगुणके दूसरे दो* और सत्त्वगुणके पुनः: एक* गुणको जानकर आत्माकी प्राप्ति करानेवाले मार्ग--प्राकृत प्रलय तथा आत्मविचारको ठीक-ठीक जान लेते हैं, वे ज्ञान- विज्ञानसे सम्पन्न तथा मोक्षोपयोगी साधनोंके अनुष्ठानसे शुद्धचित्त हुए कल्याणमय सांख्ययोगी परम आकाशको प्राप्त होनेवाले सूक्ष्म भूतोंक समान मंगलमय मोक्षको प्राप्त कर लेते हैं

Transliteration

sattvaṁ daśaguṇaṁ jñātvā rajo navaguṇaṁ tathā | tamaś cāṣṭaguṇaṁ jñātvā buddhiṁ saptaguṇāṁ tathā ||

Translation

Bhishma said: “Having understood that sattva is characterized by ten qualities, rajas by nine, tamas by eight, and the intellect (buddhi) by seven, a discerning person gains a graded knowledge of the constituents of experience. By such discrimination of the guṇas and the inner instrument, one becomes capable of judging the strengths and defects of sense-objects and the movements of desire, and thereby advances toward the path that leads beyond worldly suffering to liberation.”

Word by Word

सत्त्वम्sattva (quality of goodness)

दशगुणम्having ten qualities / tenfold

ज्ञात्वाhaving known

रजःrajas (quality of activity/passion)

नवगुणम्having nine qualities / ninefold

तथाlikewise

तमःtamas (quality of darkness/inertia)

अष्टगुणम्having eight qualities / eightfold

ज्ञात्वाhaving known

बुद्धिम्intellect

सप्तगुणाम्having seven qualities / sevenfold

तथाand likewise

Speaker

भीष्म उवाच

Characters & Entities

Bhishma

Character Dynamics

Dharma Sankata (Moral Dilemma)

War Context

Verse Rasa (Emotional Essence)

Philosophical Teaching

Political Layer

Geographic Context

Cross References

Meter (Chandas)

Sandhi Notes

Educational Q&A

What is the core teaching?

The verse teaches discriminative knowledge (viveka) of the guṇas—sattva, rajas, tamas—and of buddhi. By understanding their graded qualities, one can diagnose the roots of desire, suffering, and confusion, and orient practice toward clarity and liberation.

What is happening in the narrative?

In the Śānti Parva’s instruction section, Bhishma continues his philosophical teaching to Yudhiṣṭhira, presenting a structured analysis of the guṇas and the inner faculties as part of a Sāṅkhya–Yoga framework aimed at peace, self-mastery, and mokṣa.