Shloka 1
Gaṇānāṃ Vṛttiḥ — On the Sustenance and Cohesion of Assemblies
Gaṇa-nīti
/ ऑपन-- माल बक। अति <-छऋज>आ सप्ताधिकशततमो< ध्याय: गणततन्त्र राज्यका वर्णन और उसकी नीति युधिछिर उवाच ब्राह्मणक्षत्रियविशां शूद्राणां च परंतप । धर्मवृत्तं च वित्तं च वृत््युपाया: फलानि च,युधिष्ठिरने कहा--परंतप भरतनन्दन! आपने ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय, वैश्य, और शाद्रोंके धर्ममय आचार, धन, जीविकाके उपाय तथा धर्म आदिके फल बताये हैं। राजाओंके धन, कोश, कोश-संग्रह, शत्रुविजय, मन्त्रीके गुण और व्यवहार, प्रजावर्गकी उन्नति, संधि-विग्रह आदि छः: गुणोंके प्रयोग, सेनाके बर्ताव, दुष्टोंकी पहचान, सत्पुरुषोंके लक्षण, जो अपने समान, अपनेसे हीन तथा अपनेसे उत्कृष्ट हैं--उन सब लोगोंके यथावत् लक्षण, मध्यम वर्गको संतुष्ट रखनेके लिये उन्नतिशील राजाको कैसे रहना चाहिये--इसका निर्देश, दुर्बल पुरुषको अपनाने और उसके लिये जीविकाकी व्यवस्था करनेकी आवश्यकता--इन सब विषयोंका आपने देशाचार और शास्त्रके अनुसार संक्षेपसे धर्मके अनुकूल प्रतिपादन किया है
yudhiṣṭhira uvāca | brāhmaṇa-kṣatriya-viśāṁ śūdrāṇāṁ ca parantapa | dharma-vṛttaṁ ca vittaṁ ca vṛtty-upāyāḥ phalāni ca ||
Yudhiṣṭhira said: “O Parantapa, you have explained the dharma-grounded conduct of brāhmaṇas, kṣatriyas, vaiśyas, and śūdras—along with wealth, the means of livelihood, and the fruits that arise from righteous practice. You have also, in accordance with local custom and the śāstras, concisely set forth matters befitting dharma: the resources and treasury of kings and how they are amassed, the conquest of enemies, the qualities and proper conduct of ministers, the advancement of the people, the application of the six measures (such as alliance and hostility), the discipline of the army, the recognition of the wicked, the marks of the virtuous, and the proper assessment of those who are equal, inferior, or superior—together with guidance on how an aspiring king should keep the middle ranks content and why the weak should be taken under protection and provided a livelihood.”
युधिछिर उवाच
Educational Q&A
The verse frames rāja-dharma as comprehensive: ethical conduct across social classes, economic foundations (wealth and treasury), competent counsel, diplomacy, military discipline, and the king’s duty to protect and provide for the vulnerable—all grounded in śāstra and appropriate local custom.
Yudhiṣṭhira addresses his teacher (honorifically ‘Parantapa’) and summarizes the wide range of governance topics already explained—varna duties, livelihood, treasury, ministers, diplomacy, and social welfare—setting up a continuation or deepening of instruction on kingship and policy.