Sutra 27

Devanagari script

पक्षानुमतौ वा द्वौ ऋणं प्रति न त्वेवैकः ॥ कZ_०३.११.२७ ॥

Transliteration

pakṣānumatau vā dvau ṛṇaṃ prati na tvevaikaḥ

Translation

Or, if both parties consent, two witnesses may suffice for a debt claim—but never a single witness.

Word by Word

• पक्ष-अनुमतौ: when there is consent of both parties
• Type: Noun (compound)
• Root: पक्ष; अनु√मन् (मन्)
• Form: सप्तमी-द्विवचनम् (स्त्रीलिङ्ग) — ‘पक्षयोः अनुमतौ’ (agreement/consent of the two parties/sides)

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: विकल्पार्थक-अव्ययम् (or/alternatively)

• द्वौ: two (persons)
• Type: Numeral (adjective)
• Root: द्वि
• Form: प्रथमा-द्विवचनम्, पुल्लिङ्ग (qualifying implied ‘जनौ/व्यक्ती’)

• ऋणम्: a debt
• Type: Noun
• Root: ऋण
• Form: द्वितीया-एकवचनम्, नपुंसकलिङ्ग

• प्रति: with respect to / regarding
• Type: Preposition/Particle
• Root: प्रति
• Form: उपसर्गसदृशम् अव्ययम्; ‘towards/with respect to’ (governs accusative sense)

• न: not
• Type: Negation
• Root: न
• Form: निषेधार्थक-अव्ययम्

• तु: but
• Type: Particle
• Root: तु
• Form: विरोध/विशेषार्थक-अव्ययम् (but/however)

• एव: indeed / only
• Type: Particle
• Root: एव
• Form: अवधारणार्थक-अव्ययम् (indeed/only)

• एकः: one (person)
• Type: Numeral (used substantively)
• Root: एक
• Form: प्रथमा-एकवचनम्, पुल्लिङ्ग (one person alone)

Entities Mentioned

• two parties
• witnesses

More Details

FAQs

What balance does this rule strike?

It allows efficiency through party consent (two witnesses) while maintaining a strict anti-fraud floor (no single-witness proof).