Sutra 28

Devanagari script

प्रतिषिद्धाः स्यालसहायान्वर्थिधनिकधारणिकवैरिन्यङ्गधृतदण्डाः पूर्वे चाव्यवहार्याः ॥ कZ_०३.११.२८ ॥

Transliteration

pratiṣiddhāḥ syālasahāyān varthidhanikadhāraṇikavairinyaṅgadhṛtadaṇḍāḥ pūrve cāvyavahāryāḥ

Translation

Disqualified (as witnesses/participants) are: close in-laws and accomplices; the interested petitioner, the creditor, the holder/custodian (with a stake), and an enemy; as well as those bearing marks of punishment or disgrace. The earlier-mentioned categories are also non-justiciable (not fit to be proceeded with in court).

Word by Word

• प्रतिषिद्धाः: prohibited / disallowed (persons)
• Type: Adjective/Participle
• Root: √सिध् (सिध्यति) + प्रति- (उपसर्ग) ; (कृदन्त/भूतकर्मणि)
• Form: प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्, पुंलिङ्गः; भूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (PPP) ‘प्रतिषिद्ध’

• स्युः: should be / are to be
• Type: Verb
• Root: √अस् (भू)
• Form: लोट्/विधिलिङ्-सम्भाव्य प्रयोग; 3 पुरुषः, बहुवचनम्, परस्मैपदम् (स्युः = ‘should be/are to be’)

• अलसहायान्: those having lazy/ineffective assistants (or lazy helpers)
• Type: Noun (compound)
• Root: अलस + सहाय
• Form: द्वितीया-बहुवचनम्, पुंलिङ्गः; ‘अलसः सहायः’ → ‘अलसहाय’

• अर्थि-धनिक-धारणिक-वैरि-न्यङ्ग-धृतदण्डाः: claimants, wealthy creditors, holders/representatives (dhāraṇika), enemies, the disabled/maimed, and those bearing/under punishment (dhṛta-daṇḍa)
• Type: Noun (compound)
• Root: अर्थिन् + धनिक + धारणिक + वैरिन् + न्यङ्ग + धृतदण्ड
• Form: प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्, पुंलिङ्गः; बहुपद-समासः (सूची-समास)

• पूर्वे: the aforesaid / the earlier-mentioned
• Type: Adjective/Noun
• Root: पूर्व
• Form: प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्, पुंलिङ्गः; ‘पूर्व’ = earlier-mentioned (persons)

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: समुच्चयार्थक अव्यय

• अव्यवहार्याः: not fit to be proceeded against / not admissible for legal transaction or litigation
• Type: Adjective
• Root: व्यवहार्य (√हृ + वि- + अव-; ‘व्यवहार’ से निष्पन्न विशेषण) + अ- (निषेध)
• Form: प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्, पुंलिङ्गः; नञ्-तत्पुरुष-भाव (अ-व्यवहार्य)

Entities Mentioned

• in-laws/affines
• accomplices
• petitioner
• creditor
• custodian/holder
• enemy
• punished/disgraced persons

More Details

FAQs

What governance principle underlies this disqualification list?

The court must filter testimony by conflict-of-interest and character/credibility indicators to reduce collusion, vendetta-driven claims, and fabricated evidence.