Sutra 11

Devanagari script

तेषामानुपूर्व्या यावानर्थोपघातस्तावानेकोत्तरो दण्डः इति मानवाः ॥ कZ_०२.७.११ ॥

Transliteration

teṣām ānupūrvyā yāvān arthopaghātas tāvān ekottaro daṇḍaḥ iti mānavāḥ.

Translation

According to the Mānavas: in that sequence, the penalty should increase step-by-step in proportion to the extent of material harm caused.

Word by Word

• तेषाम्: of those (offences/cases)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: षष्ठी-बहुवचनम् (Genitive plural), सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिकम्

• आनुपूर्व्या: (there is) a successive order / gradation
• Type: Noun
• Root: आनुपूर्व्य
• Form: प्रथमा-एकवचनम् (Nominative singular), स्त्रीलिङ्गम्; क्रम/अनुक्रम-वाचक

• यावान्: as great as / to whatever extent
• Type: Pronoun (relative)
• Root: यावत्
• Form: प्रथमा-एकवचनम्, पुल्लिङ्गम्; सम्बन्ध-निर्देशक (correlative with तावान्)

• अर्थोपघातः: damage to wealth/property
• Type: Noun
• Root: अर्थोपघात
• Form: प्रथमा-एकवचनम्, पुल्लिङ्गम्

• तावान्: so great / to that extent
• Type: Pronoun (correlative)
• Root: तावत्
• Form: प्रथमा-एकवचनम्, पुल्लिङ्गम्; यावान्-तावान् समन्वयः

• एक-उत्तरः: one degree higher / incremented by one
• Type: Adjective
• Root: एक + उत्तर
• Form: प्रथमा-एकवचनम्, पुल्लिङ्गम्; दण्डः इत्यस्य विशेषणम्

• दण्डः: punishment; penalty (fine)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: प्रथमा-एकवचनम्, पुल्लिङ्गम्

• इति: thus (so say)
• Type: Particle (quotative)
• Root: इति
• Form: अव्ययम्; वचन-समाप्ति/उद्धरण-सूचक

• मानवाः: the Manavas (followers/authorities of Manu)
• Type: Noun (proper/collective)
• Root: मानव
• Form: प्रथमा-बहुवचनम्, पुल्लिङ्गम्; मत-प्रवर्तक-समूहः (Manu-followers)

Entities Mentioned

• Mānavāḥ

More Details

FAQs

What policy logic supports harm-proportional penalties?

It aligns deterrence with the magnitude of loss to the state, discouraging high-impact fraud while maintaining perceived fairness and enforceability.