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Shloka 49

Adhyāya 16: Saṃśaptaka-vrata and the Diversion of Arjuna (द्रोणपर्व, अध्याय १६)

सूर्ये चास्तमनुप्राप्ते तमसा चाभिसंवृते । नाज्ञायत तदा शत्रुर्न सुह्न्न च कश्चन,सूर्यदेव अस्ताचलको चले गये, सम्पूर्ण जगत्‌ अन्धकारसे व्याप्त हो गया, उस समय न कोई शत्रु पहचाना जाता था न मित्र

sūrye cāstam anuprāpte tamasā cābhisaṃvṛte | nājñāyata tadā śatrur na suhṛn na kaścana ||

Sañjaya sprach: Als die Sonne den Untergang erreicht hatte und die Finsternis überall sich ausbreitete, konnte man niemanden mehr erkennen—weder Feind noch Freund. In der Verwirrung der Nacht verschwammen die gewöhnlichen moralischen und taktischen Unterscheidungen des Schlachtfeldes, und selbst die Urteilskraft wurde schwer.

सूर्येwhen the sun (was)
सूर्ये:
Adhikarana
TypeNoun
Rootसूर्य
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
अस्तम्to setting (down)
अस्तम्:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअस्तम्
अनुप्राप्तेhaving reached
अनुप्राप्ते:
Adhikarana
TypeVerb
Rootअनु-प्राप्
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular, क्त (past passive participle)
तमसाby darkness
तमसा:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootतमस्
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
अभिसंवृतेbeing covered/overspread
अभिसंवृते:
Adhikarana
TypeVerb
Rootअभि-सम्-वृ
FormMasculine, Locative, Singular, क्त (past passive participle)
not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
अज्ञायतwas known/was recognized
अज्ञायत:
TypeVerb
Rootज्ञा
FormImperfect (Lan), 3rd, Singular, Atmanepada (passive sense)
तदाthen
तदा:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतदा
शत्रुःan enemy
शत्रुः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootशत्रु
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
nor/not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
सुहृत्a friend/ally
सुहृत्:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootसुहृत्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular
nor/not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
कश्चनanyone (at all)
कश्चन:
Karta
TypePronoun
Rootकश्चन
FormMasculine, Nominative, Singular

संजय उवाच

S
Sañjaya
S
Sūrya (Sun-god)

Educational Q&A

The verse highlights how loss of clarity—here symbolized by nightfall—can erase distinctions that guide right action. In ethical terms, when discernment is obscured, one must be cautious, because even the basic categories of ‘friend’ and ‘enemy’ may become uncertain.

As the sun sets and darkness covers the field, visibility collapses during the battle. Sañjaya reports that in the ensuing gloom no one can be clearly identified as ally or opponent, indicating a moment of disarray and heightened danger.