Adhyaya 22

Verse 1

श्रीउद्धव उवाच कति तत्त्वानि विश्वेश सङ्ख्यातान्यृषिभि: प्रभो । नवैकादश पञ्च त्रीण्यात्थ त्वमिह शुश्रुम ॥ १ ॥ केचित् षड्‌विंशतिं प्राहुरपरे पञ्चविंशतिम् । सप्तैके नव षट् केचिच्चत्वार्येकादशापरे । केचित् सप्तदश प्राहु: षोडशैके त्रयोदश ॥ २ ॥ एतावत्त्वं हि सङ्ख्यानामृषयो यद्विवक्षया । गायन्ति पृथगायुष्मन्निदं नो वक्तुमर्हसि ॥ ३ ॥

Uddhava inquired: My dear Lord, O master of the universe, how many different elements of creation have been enumerated by the great sages? I have heard You personally describe a total of twenty-eight — God, the jīva soul, the mahat-tattva, false ego, the five gross elements, the ten senses, the mind, the five subtle objects of perception and the three modes of nature. But some authorities say that there are twenty-six elements, while others cite twenty-five or else seven, nine, six, four or eleven, and even others say that there are seventeen, sixteen or thirteen. What did each of these sages have in mind when he calculated the creative elements in such different ways? O supreme eternal, kindly explain this to me.

Verse 2

श्रीउद्धव उवाच कति तत्त्वानि विश्वेश सङ्ख्यातान्यृषिभि: प्रभो । नवैकादश पञ्च त्रीण्यात्थ त्वमिह शुश्रुम ॥ १ ॥ केचित् षड्‌विंशतिं प्राहुरपरे पञ्चविंशतिम् । सप्तैके नव षट् केचिच्चत्वार्येकादशापरे । केचित् सप्तदश प्राहु: षोडशैके त्रयोदश ॥ २ ॥ एतावत्त्वं हि सङ्ख्यानामृषयो यद्विवक्षया । गायन्ति पृथगायुष्मन्निदं नो वक्तुमर्हसि ॥ ३ ॥

Uddhava inquired: My dear Lord, O master of the universe, how many different elements of creation have been enumerated by the great sages? I have heard You personally describe a total of twenty-eight — God, the jīva soul, the mahat-tattva, false ego, the five gross elements, the ten senses, the mind, the five subtle objects of perception and the three modes of nature. But some authorities say that there are twenty-six elements, while others cite twenty-five or else seven, nine, six, four or eleven, and even others say that there are seventeen, sixteen or thirteen. What did each of these sages have in mind when he calculated the creative elements in such different ways? O supreme eternal, kindly explain this to me.

Verse 3

श्रीउद्धव उवाच कति तत्त्वानि विश्वेश सङ्ख्यातान्यृषिभि: प्रभो । नवैकादश पञ्च त्रीण्यात्थ त्वमिह शुश्रुम ॥ १ ॥ केचित् षड्‌विंशतिं प्राहुरपरे पञ्चविंशतिम् । सप्तैके नव षट् केचिच्चत्वार्येकादशापरे । केचित् सप्तदश प्राहु: षोडशैके त्रयोदश ॥ २ ॥ एतावत्त्वं हि सङ्ख्यानामृषयो यद्विवक्षया । गायन्ति पृथगायुष्मन्निदं नो वक्तुमर्हसि ॥ ३ ॥

Uddhava inquired: My dear Lord, O master of the universe, how many different elements of creation have been enumerated by the great sages? I have heard You personally describe a total of twenty-eight — God, the jīva soul, the mahat-tattva, false ego, the five gross elements, the ten senses, the mind, the five subtle objects of perception and the three modes of nature. But some authorities say that there are twenty-six elements, while others cite twenty-five or else seven, nine, six, four or eleven, and even others say that there are seventeen, sixteen or thirteen. What did each of these sages have in mind when he calculated the creative elements in such different ways? O supreme eternal, kindly explain this to me.

Verse 4

श्रीभगवानुवाच युक्तं च सन्ति सर्वत्र भाषन्ते ब्राह्मणा यथा । मायां मदीयामुद्गृह्य वदतां किं नु दुर्घटम् ॥ ४ ॥

Lord Kṛṣṇa replied: Because all material elements are present everywhere, it is reasonable that different learned brāhmaṇas have analyzed them in different ways. All such philosophers spoke under the shelter of My mystic potency, and thus they could say anything without contradicting the truth.

Verse 5

नैतदेवं यथात्थ त्वं यदहं वच्मि तत्तथा । एवं विवदतां हेतुं शक्तयो मे दुरत्यया: ॥ ५ ॥

When philosophers argue, “I don’t choose to analyze this particular case in the same way that you have,” it is simply My own insurmountable energies that are motivating their analytic disagreements.

Verse 6

यासां व्यतिकरादासीद् विकल्पो वदतां पदम् । प्राप्ते शमदमेऽप्येति वादस्तमनुशाम्यति ॥ ६ ॥

By interaction of My energies different opinions arise. But for those who have fixed their intelligence on Me and controlled their senses, differences of perception disappear, and consequently the very cause for argument is removed.

Verse 7

परस्परानुप्रवेशात् तत्त्वानां पुरुषर्षभ । पौर्वापर्यप्रसङ्ख्यानं यथा वक्तुर्विवक्षितम् ॥ ७ ॥

O best among men, because subtle and gross elements mutually enter into one another, philosophers may calculate the number of basic material elements in different ways, according to their personal desire.

Verse 8

एकस्मिन्नपि द‍ृश्यन्ते प्रविष्टानीतराणि च । पूर्वस्मिन् वा परस्मिन् वा तत्त्वे तत्त्वानि सर्वश: ॥ ८ ॥

All subtle material elements are actually present within their gross effects; similarly, all gross elements are present within their subtle causes, since material creation takes place by progressive manifestation of elements from subtle to gross. Thus we can find all material elements within any single element.

Verse 9

पौर्वापर्यमतोऽमीषां प्रसङ्ख्यानमभीप्सताम् । यथा विविक्तं यद्वक्त्रं गृह्णीमो युक्तिसम्भवात् ॥ ९ ॥

Therefore, no matter which of these thinkers is speaking, and regardless of whether in their calculations they include material elements within their previous subtle causes or else within their subsequent manifest products, I accept their conclusions as authoritative, because a logical explanation can always be given for each of the different theories.

Verse 10

अनाद्यविद्यायुक्तस्य पुरुषस्यात्मवेदनम् । स्वतो न सम्भवादन्यस्तत्त्वज्ञो ज्ञानदो भवेत् ॥ १० ॥

Because a person who has been covered by ignorance since time immemorial is not capable of effecting his own self-realization, there must be some other personality who is in factual knowledge of the Absolute Truth and can impart this knowledge to him.

Verse 11

पुरुषेश्व‍रयोरत्र न वैलक्षण्यमण्वपि । तदन्यकल्पनापार्था ज्ञानं च प्रकृतेर्गुण: ॥ ११ ॥

According to knowledge in the material mode of goodness, there is no qualitative difference between the living entity and the supreme controller. The imagination of qualitative difference between them is useless speculation.

Verse 12

प्रकृतिर्गुणसाम्यं वै प्रकृतेर्नात्मनो गुणा: । सत्त्वं रजस्तम इति स्थित्युत्पत्त्यन्तहेतव: ॥ १२ ॥

Nature exists originally as the equilibrium of the three material modes, which pertain only to nature, not to the transcendental spirit soul. These modes — goodness, passion and ignorance — are the effective causes of the creation, maintenance and destruction of this universe.

Verse 13

सत्त्वं ज्ञानं रज: कर्म तमोऽज्ञानमिहोच्यते । गुणव्यतिकर: काल: स्वभाव: सूत्रमेव च ॥ १३ ॥

In this world the mode of goodness is recognized as knowledge, the mode of passion as fruitive work, and the mode of darkness as ignorance. Time is perceived as the agitated interaction of the material modes, and the totality of functional propensity is embodied by the primeval sūtra, or mahat-tattva.

Verse 14

पुरुष: प्रकृतिर्व्यक्तमहङ्कारो नभोऽनिल: । ज्योतिराप: क्षितिरिति तत्त्वान्युक्तानि मे नव ॥ १४ ॥

I have described the nine basic elements as the enjoying soul, nature, nature’s primeval manifestation of the mahat-tattva, false ego, ether, air, fire, water and earth.

Verse 15

श्रोत्रं त्वग्दर्शनं घ्राणो जिह्वेति ज्ञानशक्तय: । वाक्पाण्युपस्थपाय्वङ्‍‍घ्रि: कर्माण्यङ्गोभयं मन: ॥ १५ ॥

Hearing, touch, sight, smell and taste are the five knowledge-acquiring senses, My dear Uddhava, and speech, the hands, the genitals, the anus and the legs constitute the five working senses. The mind belongs to both these categories.

Verse 16

शब्द: स्पर्शो रसो गन्धो रूपं चेत्यर्थजातय: । गत्युक्त्युत्सर्गशिल्पानि कर्मायतनसिद्धय: ॥ १६ ॥

Sound, touch, taste, smell and form are the objects of the knowledge-acquiring senses, and movement, speech, excretion and manufacture are functions of the working senses.

Verse 17

सर्गादौ प्रकृतिर्ह्यस्य कार्यकारणरूपिणी । सत्त्वादिभिर्गुणैर्धत्ते पुरुषोऽव्यक्त ईक्षते ॥ १७ ॥

In the beginning of creation nature assumes, by the modes of goodness, passion and ignorance, its form as the embodiment of all subtle causes and gross manifestations within the universe. The Supreme Personality of Godhead does not enter the interaction of material manifestation but merely glances upon nature.

Verse 18

व्यक्तादयो विकुर्वाणा धातव: पुरुषेक्षया । लब्धवीर्या: सृजन्त्यण्डं संहता: प्रकृतेर्बलात् ॥ १८ ॥

As the material elements, headed by the mahat-tattva, are transformed, they receive their specific potencies from the glance of the Supreme Lord, and being amalgamated by the power of nature, they create the universal egg.

Verse 19

सप्तैव धातव इति तत्रार्था: पञ्चखादय: । ज्ञानमात्मोभयाधारस्ततो देहेन्द्रियासव: ॥ १९ ॥

According to some philosophers there are seven elements, namely earth, water, fire, air and ether, along with the conscious spirit soul and the Supreme Soul, who is the basis of both the material elements and the ordinary spirit soul. According to this theory, the body, senses, life air and all material phenomena are produced from these seven elements.

Verse 20

षडित्यत्रापि भूतानि पञ्चषष्ठ: पर: पुमान् । तैर्युक्त आत्मसम्भूतै: सृष्ट्वेदं समपाविशत् ॥ २० ॥

Other philosophers state that there are six elements — the five physical elements (earth, water, fire, air and ether) and the sixth element, the Supreme Personality of Godhead. That Supreme Lord, endowed with the elements that He has brought forth from Himself, creates this universe and then personally enters within it.

Verse 21

चत्वार्येवेति तत्रापि तेज आपोऽन्नमात्मन: । जातानि तैरिदं जातं जन्मावयविन: खलु ॥ २१ ॥

Some philosophers propose the existence of four basic elements, of which three — fire, water and earth — emanate from the fourth, the Self. Once existing, these elements produce the cosmic manifestation, in which all material creation takes place.

Verse 22

सङ्ख्याने सप्तदशके भूतमात्रेन्द्रियाणि च । पञ्च पञ्चैकमनसा आत्मा सप्तदश: स्मृत: ॥ २२ ॥

Some calculate the existence of seventeen basic elements, namely the five gross elements, the five objects of perception, the five sensory organs, the mind, and the soul as the seventeenth element.

Verse 23

तद्वत् षोडशसङ्ख्याने आत्मैव मन उच्यते । भूतेन्द्रियाणि पञ्चैव मन आत्मा त्रयोदश ॥ २३ ॥

According to the calculation of sixteen elements, the only difference from the previous theory is that the soul is identified with the mind. If we think in terms of five physical elements, five senses, the mind, the individual soul and the Supreme Lord, there are thirteen elements.

Verse 24

एकादशत्व आत्मासौ महाभूतेन्द्रियाणि च । अष्टौ प्रकृतयश्चैव पुरुषश्च नवेत्यथ ॥ २४ ॥

Counting eleven, there are the soul, the gross elements and the senses. Eight gross and subtle elements plus the Supreme Lord would make nine.

Verse 25

इति नानाप्रसङ्ख्यानं तत्त्वानामृषिभि: कृतम् । सर्वं न्याय्यं युक्तिमत्त्वाद् विदुषां किमशोभनम् ॥ २५ ॥

Thus great philosophers have analyzed the material elements in many different ways. All of their proposals are reasonable, since they are all presented with ample logic. Indeed, such philosophical brilliance is expected of the truly learned.

Verse 26

श्रीउद्धव उवाच प्रकृति: पुरुषश्चोभौ यद्यप्यात्मविलक्षणौ । अन्योन्यापाश्रयात् कृष्ण द‍ृश्यते न भिदा तयो: । प्रकृतौ लक्ष्यते ह्यात्मा प्रकृतिश्च तथात्मनि ॥ २६ ॥

Śrī Uddhava inquired: Although nature and the living entity are constitutionally distinct, O Lord Kṛṣṇa, there appears to be no difference between them, because they are found residing within one another. Thus the soul appears to be within nature and nature within the soul.

Verse 27

एवं मे पुण्डरीकाक्ष महान्तं संशयं हृदि । छेत्तुमर्हसि सर्वज्ञ वचोभिर्नयनैपुणै: ॥ २७ ॥

O lotus-eyed Kṛṣṇa, O omniscient Lord, kindly cut this great doubt out of my heart with Your own words, which exhibit Your great skill in reasoning.

Verse 28

त्वत्तो ज्ञानं हि जीवानां प्रमोषस्तेऽत्र शक्तित: । त्वमेव ह्यात्ममायाया गतिं वेत्थ न चापर: ॥ २८ ॥

From You alone the knowledge of the living beings arises, and by Your potency that knowledge is stolen away. Indeed, no one but Yourself can understand the real nature of Your illusory potency.

Verse 29

श्रीभगवानुवाच प्रकृति: पुरुषश्चेति विकल्प: पुरुषर्षभ । एष वैकारिक: सर्गो गुणव्यतिकरात्मक: ॥ २९ ॥

The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: O best among men, material nature and its enjoyer are clearly distinct. This manifest creation undergoes constant transformation, being founded upon the agitation of the modes of nature.

Verse 30

ममाङ्ग माया गुणमय्यनेकधा विकल्पबुद्धीश्च गुणैर्विधत्ते । वैकारिकस्‍त्रिविधोऽध्यात्ममेक- मथाधिदैवमधिभूतमन्यत् ॥ ३० ॥

My dear Uddhava, My material energy, comprising three modes and acting through them, manifests the varieties of creation along with varieties of consciousness for perceiving them. The manifest result of material transformation is understood in three aspects: adhyātmic, adhidaivic and adhibhautic.

Verse 31

द‍ृग् रूपमार्कं वपुरत्र रन्ध्रे परस्परं सिध्यति य: स्वत: खे । आत्मा यदेषामपरो य आद्य: स्वयानुभूत्याखिलसिद्धसिद्धि: ॥ ३१ ॥

Sight, visible form and the reflected image of the sun within the aperture of the eye all work together to reveal one another. But the original sun standing in the sky is self-manifested. Similarly, the Supreme Soul, the original cause of all entities, who is thus separate from all of them, acts by the illumination of His own transcendental experience as the ultimate source of manifestation of all mutually manifesting objects.

Verse 32

एवं त्वगादि श्रवणादि चक्षु- । र्जिह्वादि नासादि च चित्तयुक्तम् ॥ ३२ ॥

Similarly, the sense organs, namely the skin, ears, eyes, tongue and nose — as well as the functions of the subtle body, namely conditioned consciousness, mind, intelligence and false ego — can all be analyzed in terms of the threefold distinction of sense, object of perception and presiding deity.

Verse 33

योऽसौ गुणक्षोभकृतो विकार: प्रधानमूलान्महत: प्रसूत: । अहं त्रिवृन्मोहविकल्पहेतु- र्वैकारिकस्तामस ऐन्द्रियश्च ॥ ३३ ॥

When the three modes of nature are agitated, the resultant transformation appears as the element false ego in three phases — goodness, passion and ignorance. Generated from the mahat-tattva, which is itself produced from the unmanifest pradhāna, this false ego becomes the cause of all material illusion and duality.

Verse 34

आत्मा परिज्ञानमयो विवादो ह्यस्तीति नास्तीति भिदार्थनिष्ठ: । व्यर्थोऽपि नैवोपरमेत पुंसां मत्त: परावृत्तधियां स्वलोकात् ॥ ३४ ॥

The speculative argument of philosophers — “This world is real,” “No, it is not real” — is based upon incomplete knowledge of the Supreme Soul and is simply aimed at understanding material dualities. Although such argument is useless, persons who have turned their attention away from Me, their own true Self, are unable to give it up.

Verse 35

श्रीउद्धव उवाच त्वत्त: परावृत्तधिय: स्वकृतै: कर्मभि: प्रभो । उच्चावचान् यथा देहान् गृह्णन्ति विसृजन्ति च ॥ ३५ ॥ तन्ममाख्याहि गोविन्द दुर्विभाव्यमनात्मभि: । न ह्येतत् प्रायशो लोके विद्वांस: सन्ति वञ्चिता: ॥ ३६ ॥

Śrī Uddhava said: O supreme master, the intelligence of those dedicated to fruitive activities is certainly deviated from You. Please explain to me how such persons accept superior and inferior bodies by their materialistic activities and then give up such bodies. O Govinda, this topic is very difficult for foolish persons to understand. Being cheated by illusion in this world, they generally do not become aware of these facts.

Verse 36

श्रीउद्धव उवाच त्वत्त: परावृत्तधिय: स्वकृतै: कर्मभि: प्रभो । उच्चावचान् यथा देहान् गृह्णन्ति विसृजन्ति च ॥ ३५ ॥ तन्ममाख्याहि गोविन्द दुर्विभाव्यमनात्मभि: । न ह्येतत् प्रायशो लोके विद्वांस: सन्ति वञ्चिता: ॥ ३६ ॥

Śrī Uddhava said: O supreme master, the intelligence of those dedicated to fruitive activities is certainly deviated from You. Please explain to me how such persons accept superior and inferior bodies by their materialistic activities and then give up such bodies. O Govinda, this topic is very difficult for foolish persons to understand. Being cheated by illusion in this world, they generally do not become aware of these facts.

Verse 37

श्रीभगवानुवाच मन: कर्ममयं नृणामिन्द्रियै: पञ्चभिर्युतम् । लोकाल्ल‍ोकं प्रयात्यन्य आत्मा तदनुवर्तते ॥ ३७ ॥

Lord Kṛṣṇa said: The material mind of men is shaped by the reactions of fruitive work. Along with the five senses, it travels from one material body to another. The spirit soul, although different from this mind, follows it.

Verse 38

ध्यायन् मनोऽनु विषयान् द‍ृष्टान् वानुश्रुतानथ । उद्यत् सीदत् कर्मतन्त्रं स्मृतिस्तदनु शाम्यति ॥ ३८ ॥

The mind, bound to the reactions of fruitive work, always meditates on the objects of the senses, both those that are seen in this world and those that are heard about from Vedic authority. Consequently, the mind appears to come into being and to suffer annihilation along with its objects of perception, and thus its ability to distinguish past and future is lost.

Verse 39

विषयाभिनिवेशेन नात्मानं यत् स्मरेत् पुन: । जन्तोर्वै कस्यचिद्धेतोर्मृत्युरत्यन्तविस्मृति: ॥ ३९ ॥

When the living entity passes from the present body to the next body, which is created by his own karma, he becomes absorbed in the pleasurable and painful sensations of the new body and completely forgets the experience of the previous body. This total forgetfulness of one’s previous material identity, which comes about for one reason or another, is called death.

Verse 40

जन्म त्वात्मतया पुंस: सर्वभावेन भूरिद । विषयस्वीकृतिं प्राहुर्यथा स्वप्नमनोरथ: ॥ ४० ॥

O most charitable Uddhava, what is called birth is simply a person’s total identification with a new body. One accepts the new body just as one completely accepts the experience of a dream or a fantasy as reality.

Verse 41

स्वप्नं मनोरथं चेत्थं प्राक्तनं न स्मरत्यसौ । तत्र पूर्वमिवात्मानमपूर्वम् चानुपश्यति ॥ ४१ ॥

Just as a person experiencing a dream or daydream does not remember his previous dreams or daydreams, a person situated in his present body, although having existed prior to it, thinks that he has only recently come into being.

Verse 42

इन्द्रियायनसृष्‍ट्येदं त्रैविध्यं भाति वस्तुनि । बहिरन्तर्भिदाहेतुर्जनोऽसज्जनकृद् यथा ॥ ४२ ॥

Because the mind, which is the resting place of the senses, has created the identification with a new body, the threefold material variety of high, middle and low class appears as if present within the reality of the soul. Thus the self creates external and internal duality, just as a man might give birth to a bad son.

Verse 43

नित्यदा ह्यङ्ग भूतानि भवन्ति न भवन्ति च । कालेनालक्ष्यवेगेन सूक्ष्मत्वात्तन्न द‍ृश्यते ॥ ४३ ॥

My dear Uddhava, material bodies are constantly undergoing creation and destruction by the force of time, whose swiftness is imperceptible. But because of the subtle nature of time, no one sees this.

Verse 44

यथार्चिषां स्रोतसां च फलानां वा वनस्पते: । तथैव सर्वभूतानां वयोऽवस्थादय: कृता: ॥ ४४ ॥

The different stages of transformation of all material bodies occur just like those of the flame of a candle, the current of a river, or the fruits of a tree.

Verse 45

सोऽयं दीपोऽर्चिषां यद्वत्स्रोतसां तदिदं जलम् । सोऽयं पुमानिति नृणां मृषा गीर्धीर्मृषायुषाम् ॥ ४५ ॥

Although the illumination of a lamp consists of innumerable rays of light undergoing constant creation, transformation and destruction, a person with illusory intelligence who sees the light for a moment will speak falsely, saying, “This is the light of the lamp.” As one observes a flowing river, ever-new water passes by and goes far away, yet a foolish person, observing one point in the river, falsely states, “This is the water of the river.” Similarly, although the material body of a human being is constantly undergoing transformation, those who are simply wasting their lives falsely think and say that each particular stage of the body is the person’s real identity.

Verse 46

मा स्वस्य कर्मबीजेन जायते सोऽप्ययं पुमान् । म्रियते वामरो भ्रान्त्या यथाग्निर्दारुसंयुत: ॥ ४६ ॥

A person does not actually take birth out of the seed of past activities, nor, being immortal, does he die. By illusion the living being appears to be born and to die, just as fire in connection with firewood appears to begin and then cease to exist.

Verse 47

निषेकगर्भजन्मानि बाल्यकौमारयौवनम् । वयोमध्यं जरा मृत्युरित्यवस्थास्तनोर्नव ॥ ४७ ॥

Impregnation, gestation, birth, infancy, childhood, youth, middle age, old age and death are the nine ages of the body.

Verse 48

एता मनोरथमयीर्हान्यस्योच्चावचास्तनू: । गुणसङ्गादुपादत्ते क्व‍‍चित् कश्चिज्जहाति च ॥ ४८ ॥

Although the material body is different from the self, because of the ignorance due to material association one falsely identifies oneself with the superior and inferior bodily conditions. Sometimes a fortunate person is able to give up such mental concoction.

Verse 49

आत्मन: पितृपुत्राभ्यामनुमेयौ भवाप्ययौ । न भवाप्ययवस्तूनामभिज्ञो द्वयलक्षण: ॥ ४९ ॥

By the death of one’s father or grandfather one can surmise one’s own death, and by the birth of one’s son one can understand the condition of one’s own birth. A person who thus realistically understands the creation and destruction of material bodies is no longer subject to these dualities.

Verse 50

तरोर्बीजविपाकाभ्यां यो विद्वाञ्जन्मसंयमौ । तरोर्विलक्षणो द्रष्टा एवं द्रष्टा तनो: पृथक् ॥ ५० ॥

One who observes the birth of a tree from its seed and the ultimate death of the tree after maturity certainly remains a distinct observer separate from the tree. In the same way, the witness of the birth and death of the material body remains separate from it.

Verse 51

प्रकृतेरेवमात्मानमविविच्याबुध: पुमान् । तत्त्वेन स्पर्शसम्मूढ: संसारं प्रतिपद्यते ॥ ५१ ॥

An unintelligent man, failing to distinguish himself from material nature, thinks nature to be real. By contact with it he becomes completely bewildered and enters into the cycle of material existence.

Verse 52

सत्त्वसङ्गाद‍ृषीन्देवान् रजसासुरमानुषान् । तमसा भूततिर्यक्त्वं भ्रामितो याति कर्मभि: ॥ ५२ ॥

Made to wander because of his fruitive work, the conditioned soul, by contact with the mode of goodness, takes birth among the sages or demigods. By contact with the mode of passion he becomes a demon or human being, and by association with the mode of ignorance he takes birth as a ghost or in the animal kingdom.

Verse 53

नृत्यतो गायत: पश्यन् यथैवानुकरोति तान् । एवं बुद्धिगुणान् पश्यन्ननीहोऽप्यनुकार्यते ॥ ५३ ॥

Just as one may imitate persons whom one sees dancing and singing, similarly the soul, although never the doer of material activities, becomes captivated by material intelligence and is thus forced to imitate its qualities.

Verse 54

यथाम्भसा प्रचलता तरवोऽपि चला इव । चक्षुषा भ्राम्यमाणेन द‍ृश्यते भ्रमतीव भू: ॥ ५४ ॥ यथा मनोरथधियो विषयानुभवो मृषा । स्वप्नद‍ृष्टाश्च दाशार्ह तथा संसार आत्मन: ॥ ५५ ॥

The soul’s material life, his experience of sense gratification, is actually false, O descendant of Daśārha, just like trees’ appearance of quivering when the trees are reflected in agitated water, or like the earth’s appearance of spinning due to one’s spinning his eyes around, or like the world of a fantasy or dream.

Verse 55

यथाम्भसा प्रचलता तरवोऽपि चला इव । चक्षुषा भ्राम्यमाणेन द‍ृश्यते भ्रमतीव भू: ॥ ५४ ॥ यथा मनोरथधियो विषयानुभवो मृषा । स्वप्नद‍ृष्टाश्च दाशार्ह तथा संसार आत्मन: ॥ ५५ ॥

The soul’s material life, his experience of sense gratification, is actually false, O descendant of Daśārha, just like trees’ appearance of quivering when the trees are reflected in agitated water, or like the earth’s appearance of spinning due to one’s spinning his eyes around, or like the world of a fantasy or dream.

Verse 56

अर्थे ह्यविद्यमानेऽपि संसृतिर्न निवर्तते । ध्यायतो विषयानस्य स्वप्नेऽनर्थागमो यथा ॥ ५६ ॥

For one who is meditating on sense gratification, material life, although lacking factual existence, does not go away, just as the unpleasant experiences of a dream do not.

Verse 57

तस्मादुद्धव मा भुङ्‍क्ष्व विषयानसदिन्द्रियै: । आत्माग्रहणनिर्भातं पश्य वैकल्पिकं भ्रमम् ॥ ५७ ॥

Therefore, O Uddhava, do not try to enjoy sense gratification with the material senses. See how illusion based on material dualities prevents one from realizing the self.

Verse 58

क्षिप्तोऽवमानितोऽसद्भ‍ि: प्रलब्धोऽसूयितोऽथवा । ताडित: सन्निरुद्धो वा वृत्त्या वा परिहापित: ॥ ५८ ॥ निष्ठ्युतो मूत्रितो वाज्ञैर्बहुधैवं प्रकम्पित: । श्रेयस्काम: कृच्छ्रगत आत्मनात्मानमुद्धरेत् ॥ ५९ ॥

Even though neglected, insulted, ridiculed or envied by bad men, or even though repeatedly agitated by being beaten, tied up or deprived of one’s occupation, spat upon or polluted with urine by ignorant people, one who desires the highest goal in life should in spite of all these difficulties use his intelligence to keep himself safe on the spiritual platform.

Verse 59

क्षिप्तोऽवमानितोऽसद्भ‍ि: प्रलब्धोऽसूयितोऽथवा । ताडित: सन्निरुद्धो वा वृत्त्या वा परिहापित: ॥ ५८ ॥ निष्ठ्युतो मूत्रितो वाज्ञैर्बहुधैवं प्रकम्पित: । श्रेयस्काम: कृच्छ्रगत आत्मनात्मानमुद्धरेत् ॥ ५९ ॥

Even though neglected, insulted, ridiculed or envied by bad men, or even though repeatedly agitated by being beaten, tied up or deprived of one’s occupation, spat upon or polluted with urine by ignorant people, one who desires the highest goal in life should in spite of all these difficulties use his intelligence to keep himself safe on the spiritual platform.

Verse 60

श्रीउद्धव उवाच यथैवमनुबुध्येयं वद नो वदतां वर ॥ ६० ॥

Śrī Uddhava said: O best of all speakers, please explain to me how I may properly understand this.

Verse 61

सुदु:सहमिमं मन्ये आत्मन्यसदतिक्रमम् । विदुषामपि विश्वात्मन् प्रकृतिर्हि बलीयसी । ऋते त्वद्धर्मनिरतान् शान्तांस्ते चरणालयान् ॥ ६१ ॥

O soul of the universe, the conditioning of one’s personality in material life is very strong, and therefore it is very difficult even for learned men to tolerate the offenses committed against them by ignorant people. Only Your devotees, who are fixed in Your loving service and who have achieved peace by residing at Your lotus feet, are able to tolerate such offenses.