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Sama Veda — Pūrvārcika, Mantra 1

Uṣas (Dawn) revealing light and opening the rite, leading into Indra’s arrival for Soma

Rishi: Unspecified in input (requires concordance lookup)
Devata: Uṣas (Dawn)
Chandas: Unspecified in input (requires Rigveda concordance)
Devanagari Script

प्रत्यु अदर्श्यायत्यू3च्छन्ती दुहिता दिवः अपो मही वृणुते चक्षुषा तमो ज्योतिष्कृणोति सूनरि

Samhita Patha

pratyu adarśyāyatyū3cchantī duhitā divaḥ apo mahī vṛṇute cakṣuṣā tamo jyotiṣkṛṇoti sūnari

Transliteration

práty u adarśy ā́yaty ū3cchantī duhitā́ diváḥ | ápo mahī́ vṛṇute cákṣuṣā | támo jyótiṣkṛṇoti sū́nari3

Translation

她已显现，向我等而来，灿然升起——天之女；那美丽的曙光，广大无边，取纳诸水；以其目光造就光明，驱散黑暗——善丽者。

Pada Patha (Word Analysis)

prati | u | adarśi | āyati | u3cchantī | duhitā | divaḥ | apaḥ | mahī | vṛṇute | cakṣuṣā | tamaḥ | jyotiḥ-kṛṇoti | sūnari

Word by Word
प्रतिtowards, in return
प्रति:
Adhikaraṇa (दिशा/सम्बन्ध-निर्देशक)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootप्रति (उपसर्ग/अव्यय)
उindeed, emphatic particle
उ:
—
TypeIndeclinable
Rootउ (निपात)
अदर्शिappeared, was seen
अदर्शि:
—
TypeVerb
Root√दृश् (दर्शन) + अ (लुङ्-आगम)
आयतिcomes, approaches
आयति:
—
TypeVerb
Root√या (गमन) + आ (उपसर्ग)
उच्छन्तीshining, dawning
उच्छन्ती:
Kartā (आयति/वृणुते/कृणोति के साथ)
TypeParticiple (Adjective) / Verb-derived
Root√उष् (उष्ण/प्रकाशे) → उच्छ् (वेदिक रूप) + शतृ
दुहिताdaughter
दुहिता:
Kartā (उच्छन्ती के साथ समनाधिकरण)
TypeNoun
Rootदुहितृ (प्रातिपदिक)
दिवःof heaven, of the sky
दिवः:
सम्बन्ध (षष्ठी)
TypeNoun
Rootदिव्/द्यौः (प्रातिपदिक)
अपःwaters
अपः:
Karma (वृणुते)
TypeNoun
Rootअप् (प्रातिपदिक)
महीgreat, vast
मही:
Kartā (विशेषण-रूपेण)
TypeAdjective
Rootमही (प्रातिपदिक)
वृणुतेchooses, selects
वृणुते:
—
TypeVerb
Root√वृ (वरणे)
चक्षुषाwith (her) eye, by sight
चक्षुषा:
Karaṇa
TypeNoun
Rootचक्षुस् (प्रातिपदिक)
तमःdarkness
तमः:
Karma (कृणोति के साथ)
TypeNoun
Rootतमस् (प्रातिपदिक)
ज्योतिःlight
ज्योतिः:
Karma/प्रधाना-परिणाम (ज्योतिः-कृणोति)
TypeNoun
Rootज्योतिस् (प्रातिपदिक)
कृणोतिmakes, turns
कृणोति:
—
TypeVerb
Root√कृ (करणे)
सूनरिO fair/bright one (beautiful woman)
सूनरि:
सम्बोधन
TypeNoun (vocative) / Epithet
Rootसूनरी (प्रातिपदिक; स्त्री-सम्बोधन)
Sāman Melody Name

Uṣas-related (tune unspecified in input; requires gāna-prakaraṇa mapping)

Vocal Structure

{ "prastava": "(soft stobha prelude; often minimal for luminous verses—gāna-dependent)", "udgitha": "práty u adarśy ā́yaty ū3cchantī duhitā́ diváḥ", "pratihara": "ápo mahī́ vṛṇute cákṣuṣā", "upadrava": "támo jyótiṣkṛṇoti", "nidhana": "sū́nari(3)", "structure_notes": "‘ū3’ and final pluti often treated as ‘spreading light’—sustain without heaviness; keep consonants gentle.", "singer_assignments": "As standard: Prastotṛ (prastāva), Udgātṛ (udgītha/upadrava), Pratihartṛ (pratihāra), all (nidhana)." }

Sāyaṇa Commentary

{ "gloss_summary": "Uṣas is ‘daughter of heaven’; ‘waters’ connect to morning manifestations and ritual readiness; ‘jyotiṣkṛṇoti’ = makes light/visibility for morning acts.", "ritual_interpretation": "Dawn enables correct performance by granting visibility; the ‘waters’ may be read as natural waters used/encountered in morning ritual setting.", "theological_insight": "Light is a divine agency that reveals ṛta; Uṣas is both cosmic phenomenon and deity presiding over awakening of beings and rites.", "etymology_highlights": "uṣas from √vas/√uṣ ‘to shine, dawn’; jyotiṣ-kṛṇoti = ‘makes/produces light’; duhitā = ‘daughter’ as emanation of heaven (div)." }

Ritual Application
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