Ramayana — Kishkindha Kanda, Sarga 31, Shloka 26

लक्ष्मणक्रोधः सुग्रीवप्रबोधनं च

Lakshmana’s Wrath and the Summoning of Sugriva

Devanagari script

कृत्स्नांहि कपिभिर्व्याप्तां द्रुमहस्सैर्महाबलैः।।अपश्यल्लक्ष्मणः क्रुद्धः किष्किन्धां तां दुरासदाम्।

Transliteration

kṛtsnāṃ hi kapibhir vyāptāṃ drumahastair mahābalaiḥ | apaśyal lakṣmaṇaḥ kruddhaḥ kiṣkindhāṃ tāṃ durāsadām ||

Translation

拉克什玛那怒火炽盛，望见那难以攻取的吉什金达——尽被大力猿众充满，手执树木为兵。

Word by Word

• kṛtsnām: entire
• kṛtsnām: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: kṛtsna (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: विशेषण; स्त्रीलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd), एकवचन

• hi: indeed
• hi: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: hi (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निपात (particle), हेत्वर्थ/निश्चयार्थ (indeed/for)

• kapibhiḥ: by monkeys
• kapibhiḥ: Karaṇa (करण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kapi (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd/करण), बहुवचन

• vyāptām: filled/pervaded
• vyāptām: Karma-anvaya (कर्मविशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: vyāpta (कृदन्त; vi- उपसर्ग + √āp (धातु) + क्त)
• Form: विशेषण; स्त्रीलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd), एकवचन; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त (past passive participle) ‘pervaded/filled’

• druma-hastaiḥ: with trees in their hands
• druma-hastaiḥ: Karaṇa-anvaya (करणविशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: druma (प्रातिपदिक) + hasta (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: विशेषण; पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd), बहुवचन; समासः तत्पुरुषः (drumāḥ hastāḥ yeṣām = having trees in (their) hands)

• mahā-balaiḥ: very strong
• mahā-balaiḥ: Karaṇa-anvaya (करणविशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: mahā (प्रातिपदिक) + bala (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: विशेषण; पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया (3rd), बहुवचन; समासः कर्मधारयः (mahac ca tat balaṃ = very strong)

• apaśyat: saw
• apaśyat: Kriyā (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √dṛś (धातु) + apa- उपसर्ग
• Form: लङ् (Imperfect), परस्मैपद; प्रथमपुरुष (3rd), एकवचन

• lakṣmaṇaḥ: Lakshmana
• lakṣmaṇaḥ: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: lakṣmaṇa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन

• kruddhaḥ: angry
• kruddhaḥ: Karta-anvaya (कर्तृविशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: kruddha (कृदन्त; √krudh (धातु) + क्त)
• Form: विशेषण; पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st), एकवचन; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त ‘angered’

• kiṣkindhām: Kishkindha
• kiṣkindhām: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: kiṣkindhā (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd), एकवचन

• tām: that
• tām: Karma-anvaya (कर्मविशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: tad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: सर्वनाम; स्त्रीलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd), एकवचन

• durāsadām: hard to approach
• durāsadām: Karma-anvaya (कर्मविशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: dur- (उपसर्ग/प्रत्ययार्थ) + āsada (प्रातिपदिक; √sad (धातु) + घञ्/अ)
• Form: विशेषण; स्त्रीलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd), एकवचन; समासः कर्मधारयः (dur + āsadā = difficult to approach/inaccessible)

Context

Enraged Lakshmana saw the huge inacccessible city of Kishkinda filled with mighty strong and fierce monkeys holding trees in hand.

Characters & Entities

• Lakṣmaṇa
• Kishkindhā
• Monkeys (kapayaḥ)
• Trees (druma)

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma includes holding allies accountable to promises; Lakṣmaṇa’s anger arises from perceived breach of pledged duty to Rāma.

What is the narrative situation?

Lakṣmaṇa arrives at Kishkindhā and observes the city’s formidable defenses and the assembled monkey warriors.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Lakṣmaṇa’s firmness (niścaya) in safeguarding Rāma’s cause and insisting on timely, truthful commitment.