Ramayana — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 113, Shloka 21

पादुकाप्रदानं भरतस्य निवृत्तिश्च

The Sandals Bestowed; Bharata’s Return Toward Ayodhya

Devanagari script

ततस्ते यमुनां दिव्यां नदीं तीर्त्वोर्मिमालिनीम्।ददृशुस्तां पुन स्सर्वे गङ्गां शुभजलां नदीम्।।।।

Transliteration

tatas te yamunāṃ divyāṃ nadīṃ tīrtvā ūrmimālinīm | dadṛśus tāṃ punaḥ sarve gaṅgāṃ śubhajalāṃ nadīm ||

Translation

随后，他们渡过波涛环绕的神圣阎牟那河，众人又一次望见吉祥清净之水的恒河。

Word by Word

• tataḥ: then
• tataḥ: Kāla (काल)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tataḥ (अव्यय)
• Form: Adverb (काल-अव्यय)

• te: they
• te: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Sarvanāma (सर्वनाम), Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन)

• yamunām: Yamunā
• yamunām: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: yamunā (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• divyām: divine
• divyām: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: divya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); qualifying yamunām/nadīm

• nadīm: river
• nadīm: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: nadī (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); apposition to yamunām

• tīrtvā: having crossed
• tīrtvā: Kriyāviśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Verb
• Root: tṝ (तॄ धातु)
• Form: Absolutive/Gerund (क्त्वान्त), ‘having crossed’

• ūrmimālinīm: wreathed with waves
• ūrmimālinīm: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: ūrmi + mālin (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Tatpuruṣa (तृतीया/षष्ठी sense: ‘with garland of waves’), Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); qualifying nadīm

• dadṛśuḥ: saw/beheld
• dadṛśuḥ: Kriyā (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: dṛś (दृश् धातु)
• Form: Perfect (लिट्), 3rd person (प्रथमपुरुष), Plural (बहुवचन), Parasmaipada (परस्मैपद)

• tām: that (river)
• tām: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tad (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Sarvanāma (सर्वनाम), Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• punaḥ: again
• punaḥ: Kriyāviśeṣaṇa (क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: punaḥ (अव्यय)
• Form: Adverb (पुनरावृत्ति-अव्यय)

• sarve: all
• sarve: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: sarva (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Masculine (पुंलिङ्ग), Nominative (1st/प्रथमा), Plural (बहुवचन); in apposition to te

• gaṅgām: Gaṅgā
• gaṅgām: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: gaṅgā (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन)

• śubhajalām: with auspicious waters
• śubhajalām: Viśeṣaṇa (विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: śubha + jala (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Tatpuruṣa (षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष: ‘of auspicious water’), Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); qualifying gaṅgām/nadīm

• nadīm: river
• nadīm: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: nadī (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्ग), Accusative (2nd/द्वितीया), Singular (एकवचन); apposition to gaṅgām

Context

All of them circumambulated the mighty mountain Chitrakuta and proceeded easttowards the charming river Mandakini.

Characters & Entities

• Yamunā
• Gaṅgā

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma is linked with sanctifying movement: crossing sacred rivers signals transition, purification, and renewed commitment to truth-bound action (satya-niṣṭhā).

What is the narrative situation?

The travelers cross the Yamunā and come again into view of the Gaṅgā as they near settled regions.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Perseverance with reverence—continuing the journey while recognizing the sacredness of the landscape.