Markandeya Purana — Adhyaya 58, Shloka 52

Adhyaya 58 — The Kurma-Form of Narayana: Mapping Bharata through Nakshatras, Regions, and Planetary Afflictions

Sanskrit

तथा सयवना हिङ्गाश्चीरप्रावरणाश्च ये ।

त्रिनेत्राः पौरवाश्चैव गन्धर्वाश्च द्विजोत्तम ॥

Transliteration

tathā sayavanā hiṅgāś cīraprāvaraṇāś ca ye | trinetrāḥ pauravāś caiva gandharvāś ca dvijottama ||

Translation

又有萨耶瓦那（Sayavana）与欣伽（Hiṅga），以及身着树皮衣者；三目之民（Trinetra）、普罗婆罗（Paurava），并且乾闼婆（Gandharva）亦在其中——噢，二次生者中之最胜者。

Word by Word

• तथा: likewise
• तथा: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तथा (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चय/प्रकारवाचक अव्यय

• सयवनाः: the Sayavanas
• सयवनाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: स-यवन (प्रातिपदिक; components: स + यवन)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1), बहुवचन; सह-सम्बन्ध (‘with Yavanas’ / ‘Sa-yavanas’ as group-name)

• हिङ्गाः: the Hiṅgas
• हिङ्गाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: हिङ्ग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1), बहुवचन; ethnonym/group-name

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय

• चीरप्रावरणाः: the Cīraprāvaraṇas (cloth-clad)
• चीरप्रावरणाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: चीर-प्रावरण (प्रातिपदिक; components: चीर + प्रावरण)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1), बहुवचन; तत्पुरुष (‘having cloth-garments’ as group epithet)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय

• ये: who/which
• ये: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: यद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1), बहुवचन; relative pronoun referring to listed groups

• त्रिनेत्राः: the three-eyed (Trinetra)
• त्रिनेत्राः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: त्रि-नेत्र (प्रातिपदिक; components: त्रि + नेत्र)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1), बहुवचन; द्विगु (‘three-eyed’) used as group-name

• पौरवाः: the Pauravas
• पौरवाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पौरव (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1), बहुवचन; ethnonym (‘descendants of Puru’)

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय

• एव: indeed
• एव: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव (अव्यय)
• Form: अवधारणार्थक अव्यय

• गन्धर्वाः: Gandharvas
• गन्धर्वाः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: गन्धर्व (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1), बहुवचन

• च: and
• च: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: समुच्चयबोधक अव्यय

• द्विजोत्तम: O best of the twice-born
• द्विजोत्तम: Sambodhana (सम्बोधन)
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्विज-उत्तम (प्रातिपदिक; components: द्विज + उत्तम)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, सम्बोधन (8), एकवचन; कर्मधारय/तत्पुरुष sense ‘best of the twice-born’ (vocative address)

Speakers

• Not specified in input; vocative suggests a Brahmin addressee within the narration

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "adbhuta", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Cosmography
• Ethnography
• Ascetic markers (bark garments)
• Mythic beings (Gandharva)

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

The verse closes this segment by including ascetic-coded groups (bark-clad) and celestial beings (Gandharvas), implying continuity between human society, renunciant life, and higher orders of existence within one cosmological frame.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Sthāna (cosmography) with inclusion of non-human classes (Gandharvas), typical of Purāṇic world-description.

What is the esoteric significance?

Bark garments suggest tapas and inner heat; Gandharvas suggest refined sensory/cultural energies (music, aesthetics). Together they indicate that the cosmos contains both austerity and beauty as complementary principles.