Shloka 41

Adhyaya 49 — Primordial Human Creation, the Rise of Desire, and the Origins of Settlements, Measures, and Agriculture

Sanskrit

चतुर्णामथ दुर्गाणां स्वसमुत्थानि त्रीणि तु ।

चतुर्थं कृत्रिमं दुर्गं ते चक्रुर्यत्नतस्तु वै ॥

Transliteration

caturṇām atha durgāṇāṃ sva-samutthāni trīṇi tu | caturthaṃ kṛtrimaṃ durgaṃ te cakrur yatnatas tu vai ||

Translation

四种堡垒之中，有三种为自然生成（自生）者；第四种为人工之堡，实由人力勤作而成。

Word by Word

• चतुर्णाम्: of four
• चतुर्णाम्: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: चतुर् (संख्या-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: (सामान्यतः) षष्ठी (6th/Genitive), बहुवचन; संख्या-विशेषणम्

• अथ: then
• अथ: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/discourse marker)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अथ (अव्यय)
• Form: अनन्तरार्थक-अव्यय (then/now)

• दुर्गाणाम्: of forts
• दुर्गाणाम्: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दुर्ग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, षष्ठी (6th/Genitive), बहुवचन

• स्वसमुत्थानि: self-arisen, natural
• स्वसमुत्थानि: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: स्व + समुत्थ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/Nominative), बहुवचन; समासः: स्व-समुत्थ (self-arisen/natural)

• त्रीणि: three
• त्रीणि: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: त्रि (संख्या-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/Nominative), बहुवचन; संख्या-विशेषणम्

• तु: indeed
• तु: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तु (अव्यय)
• Form: अवधारण-अव्यय (indeed)

• चतुर्थम्: the fourth
• चतुर्थम्: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: चतुर्थ (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन; क्रमवाचक-विशेषणम् (ordinal)

• कृत्रिमम्: artificial
• कृत्रिमम्: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: कृत्रिम (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन; विशेषणम्

• दुर्गम्: fort
• दुर्गम्: Karma (कर्म/Object)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दुर्ग (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन

• ते: they
• ते: Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा (1st/Nominative), बहुवचन; सर्वनाम

• चक्रुः: made
• चक्रुः: Kriya (क्रिया/Verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: कृ (धातु)
• Form: लिट् (Perfect), प्रथमपुरुष, बहुवचन; परस्मैपदम

• यत्नतः: with effort
• यत्नतः: Karana (करण/means-manner)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: यत्न (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: तसिल्-प्रत्ययान्त अव्यय: यत्नतः = यत्नेन (with effort)

• तु: indeed
• तु: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तु (अव्यय)
• Form: अवधारण-अव्यय (indeed)

• वै: certainly
• वै: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/particle)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: वै (अव्यय)
• Form: निश्चयार्थक-अव्यय (certainly)

Speakers

• Not explicitly indicated in the provided excerpt (likely within the Purāṇic didactic narration)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "vira", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Rāja-dharma (polity)
• Urbanism and defense
• Social organization

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Governance is portrayed as dharmic stewardship: security and planning are legitimate concerns of society, and human effort (yatna) completes what nature provides.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

Falls under Sthiti (maintenance/order of society) as applied knowledge for kingship and settlement stability rather than mythic cosmogony.

What is the esoteric significance?

Three ‘natural’ refuges versus one ‘constructed’ refuge can symbolize innate protections (virtue, discernment, restraint) complemented by cultivated disciplines (practice, vows, institutions).