Shloka 30

Adhyāya 41 — Kṛṣṇa’s Battlefield Briefing and the Renewal of the Great Engagement

Devanagari script

कालस्त्वयं प्रत्युययाति दारुणो दुर्योधनो युद्धमुपागमद्‌ यत्‌

Transliteration

kālas tv ayaṃ pratyuyayāti dāruṇo duryodhano yuddham upāgamad yat

Translation

三阇耶说道：“这阴沉而无情的时劫正回转压向我们；因为杜律约陀那已挺进战场。”

Word by Word

• कालः: time
• कालः: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: काल
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• तु: but/indeed
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तु

• अयम्: this
• अयम्: Karta
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: इदम्
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• प्रत्युययाति: goes back/returns
• Type: Verb
• Root: या (याति)
• Form: Present, Third, Singular, Parasmaipada

• दारुणः: terrible/cruel
• Type: Adjective
• Root: दारुण
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• दुर्योधनः: Duryodhana
• दुर्योधनः: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: दुर्योधन
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• युद्धम्: battle/war
• युद्धम्: Karma
• Type: Noun
• Root: युद्ध
• Form: Neuter, Accusative, Singular

• उपागमत्: approached/entered
• Type: Verb
• Root: गम्
• Form: Imperfect (Lan), Third, Singular, Parasmaipada

• यत्: since/that (which)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: यद्
• Form: Neuter, Nominative/Accusative, Singular

Speaker

संजय उवाच

Characters & Entities

• Sañjaya
• Duryodhana
• yuddha (the Kurukṣetra war)

Educational Q&A

What is the core teaching?

The verse frames war not only as human strategy but as the working of Kāla (Time/fate): once a leader chooses the path of violence and pride, consequences return with harsh inevitability. It underscores moral causality—decisions ripen into unavoidable outcomes.

What is happening in the narrative?

Sañjaya reports to Dhṛtarāṣṭra that the situation has become dire: a dreadful turn of events is unfolding because Duryodhana has gone forward into the battle, signaling escalation and the nearing of catastrophic results.