Sutra 12

Devanagari script

कुटुंबिकाध्यक्षमुख्यस्वामिनां कूटशासनमुद्राकर्मसु पूर्वमध्योत्तमवधा दण्डाः यथापराधं वा ॥ कZ_०४.९.१२ ॥

Transliteration

kuṭuṃbikādhyakṣamukhyasvāmināṃ kūṭaśāsanamudrākarmasu pūrvamadhyottamavadhā daṇḍāḥ yathāparādhaṃ vā

Translation

对家长、监督官、主要官员及主人/主官从事伪造诏令/命令或伪造用印事务者，应依罪行轻重分为初等、中等与最高等处罚——包括死刑。

Word by Word

• कुटुम्बिक: householder; substantial villager/peasant
• Type: Noun
• Root: कुटुम्बिक
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/सम्बोधन एकवचन (समासपूर्वपद-रूप)

• अध्यक्ष: superintendent; officer-in-charge
• Type: Noun
• Root: अधि+ईक्ष् (अध्यक्ष-शब्द)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/सम्बोधन एकवचन (समासपूर्वपद-रूप)

• मुख्य: chief; principal
• Type: Adjective
• Root: मुख्य
• Form: विशेषण; पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा/सम्बोधन एकवचन (समासपूर्वपद-रूप)

• स्वामिन्: masters; owners; superiors
• Type: Noun
• Root: स्वामिन्
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी बहुवचन (स्वामिनाम्)

• कुटुम्बिकाध्यक्षमुख्यस्वामिनाम्: of the householder(s), superintendents, chiefs, and masters
• Type: Compound
• Root: —
• Form: षष्ठी बहुवचन; ‘कुटुम्बिक, अध्यक्ष, मुख्य, स्वामिन्’—एतेषां (of the householder(s), superintendent(s), chief(s), and masters)

• कूट: fraudulent; forged; deceitful
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: कूट
• Form: समासपूर्वपद; ‘कूटशासन’ इत्यत्र

• शासन: orders; official documents/edicts
• Type: Noun
• Root: शास् (शासन)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; सप्तमी बहुवचन (शासनेषु)

• मुद्रा: seals; seal-impressions
• Type: Noun
• Root: मुद्रा
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; सप्तमी बहुवचन (मुद्रासु)

• कर्मसु: in acts/transactions/procedures
• Type: Noun
• Root: कर्मन्
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग; सप्तमी बहुवचन

• कूटशासनमुद्राकर्मसु: in matters of forged documents, seals, and (official) acts/transactions
• Type: Compound
• Root: —
• Form: सप्तमी बहुवचन; ‘कूटशासनेषु, मुद्रासु, कर्मसु’—इन विषयों/कार्यों में

• पूर्व: lower/first grade
• Type: Adjective
• Root: पूर्व
• Form: विशेषण; पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा बहुवचन (दण्डाः इत्यस्य विशेषण)

• मध्य: middle grade
• Type: Adjective
• Root: मध्य
• Form: विशेषण; पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा बहुवचन

• उत्तम: highest grade
• Type: Adjective
• Root: उत्तम
• Form: विशेषण; पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा बहुवचन

• वधाः: killings; executions (capital punishments)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वध
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा बहुवचन

• दण्डाः: penalties/punishments
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा बहुवचन; विधेय (predicate)

• यथा: according to; as
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: यथा
• Form: अव्यय; ‘यथापराधम्’ इत्यत्र

• अपराधम्: offence; wrongdoing
• Type: Noun
• Root: अपराध
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; द्वितीया एकवचन; अव्ययीभाव-समासे उपपद

• यथापराधम्: according to the offence (its nature/degree)
• Type: Compound (indeclinable)
• Root: —
• Form: अव्यय; ‘अपराधानुसारम्’

• वा: or; alternatively
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: अव्यय; विकल्पार्थक

Entities Mentioned

• kuṭuṃbika
• adhyakṣa
• mukhya
• svāmin
• royal order (śāsana)
• seal (mudrā)

More Details

FAQs

Why are seal and order forgeries treated severely?

Because they directly undermine state command-and-control and enable illicit transfers, coercion, and fraud under the appearance of authority.