Sutra 12

Devanagari script

नैवमित्यपसारो वा ब्रूयात् रूपाभिगृहीतः परस्य दानकारणमात्मनः प्रतिग्रहकारणमुपलिङ्गनं वा दायकदापकनिबन्धकप्रतिग्राहकोपद्रष्टृभिरुपश्रोतृभिर्वा प्रतिसमानयेत् ॥ कZ_०४.६.१२ ॥

Transliteration

naivam ity apasāro vā brūyāt; rūpābhigṛhītaḥ parasya dānakāraṇam ātmanaḥ pratigrahakāraṇam upaliṅganaṃ vā dāyakadāpakanibandhakapratigrāhakopadraṣṭṛbhir upaśrotṛbhir vā pratisamānayet ।

Translation

若他说“并非如此”，或主张“那是被移走的”，则——当某人已按外貌被捕获/辨认时——法庭应要求佐证：给与者给与的理由、受领者受领的理由，或其他识别线索，并通过给与者、安排给与者、文书撰写者、受领者、目击者或听闻者加以确立。

Word by Word

• na: not
• Type: Particle
• Root: na
• Form: निषेधार्थक अव्यय

• evam: thus; in this way
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: evam
• Form: प्रकारवाचक अव्यय

• iti: “thus”; (quotative)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: iti
• Form: इति-प्रयोगः (उद्धरण/वाक्यसमाप्तिसूचक)

• apasāraḥ: withdrawal; turning away; refusal
• Type: Noun
• Root: apa√sṛ
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; भाव/क्रियावाचक संज्ञा

• vā: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: vā
• Form: विकल्पार्थक अव्यय

• brūyāt: he should say
• Type: Verb
• Root: √brū
• Form: विधिलिङ् (optative), परस्मैपद, प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन

• rūpa: form; (here) coin/money
• Type: Noun
• Root: rūpa
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन (कर्म)

• abhigṛhītaḥ: having been seized/held (with it)
• Type: Participle
• Root: abhi√grah
• Form: भूतकृदन्त (क्त), पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; कर्मणि/कर्तरि-प्रयोगानुसार ‘seized/held’

• parasya: of the other person; of the opponent
• Type: Pronoun/Adjective
• Root: para
• Form: षष्ठी एकवचन (सम्बन्ध)

• dāna-kāraṇam: the reason/ground for giving
• Type: Noun
• Root: dāna + kāraṇa
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘दानस्य कारणम्’

• ātmanaḥ: of oneself
• Type: Pronoun/Noun
• Root: ātman
• Form: षष्ठी एकवचन

• pratigraha-kāraṇam: the reason/ground for receiving
• Type: Noun
• Root: pratigraha + kāraṇa
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन; ‘प्रतिग्रहस्य कारणम्’

• upalīṅganam: corroboration; supporting indication/evidence
• Type: Noun
• Root: upa√liṅg
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन; भाववाचक संज्ञा

• vā: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: vā
• Form: विकल्पार्थक अव्यय

• dāyaka-dāpaka-nibandhaka-pratigrāhaka-upadraṣṭṛbhiḥ: by the giver, instigator of giving, registrar/recorder, receiver, and overseer/witness
• Type: Noun
• Root: dāyaka + dāpaka + nibandhaka + pratigrāhaka + upadraṣṭṛ
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया बहुवचन; समाहार-रूपेण ‘by the giver, the one who causes to give, the recorder, the receiver, and the overseer/witness’

• upashrotṛbhiḥ: by overhearers/listeners (as witnesses)
• Type: Noun
• Root: upa√śru (→ upaśrotṛ)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया बहुवचन; कर्तृवाचक (तृ-प्रत्यय)

• vā: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: vā
• Form: विकल्पार्थक अव्यय

• pratisamānayet: he should bring forward/produce (in reply)
• Type: Verb
• Root: prati√samā√nī
• Form: विधिलिङ् (optative), परस्मैपद, प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; causative/denominative sense ‘to bring together/produce (evidence)’

Entities Mentioned

• giver
• agent/arranger (dāpaka)
• scribe/record-keeper (nibandhaka)
• receiver
• eyewitnesses
• hearers

More Details

FAQs

What is the administrative intent of listing multiple roles (giver, scribe, witnesses)?

To reconstruct the chain of transfer and reduce false claims by requiring corroboration from transaction participants and independent observers.

How does this address the problem raised in 4.6.10?

Since appearance can mislead, the court demands supporting proof—reasons for transfer and credible testimony/records.