Sutra 20

Devanagari script

तुलामानान्तरमर्घवर्णान्तरं वा धरकस्य मायकस्य वा पणमूल्यादष्टभागं हस्तदोषेणाचरतो द्विशतो दण्डः ॥ कZ_०४.२.२० ॥

Transliteration

tulāmānāntaram arghavarṇāntaraṃ vā dharakasya māyakasya vā paṇamūlyād aṣṭabhāgaṃ hastadoṣeṇācarato dviśato daṇḍaḥ

Translation

若持货者或欺诈者以手法作弊，使重量/度量或所宣称的价格/等级出现差异，差额达价值的八分之一，则罚金为200帕那（paṇas）。

Word by Word

• तुला: weighing scale; balance
• Type: Noun
• Root: तुला
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन (सन्दर्भे ‘तुला’ = weighing balance/scale)

• मान: measure; measurement
• Type: Noun
• Root: मा (माने)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन

• अन्तरम्: difference; discrepancy; shortfall
• Type: Noun
• Root: अन्तर
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन

• अर्घ: price; value
• Type: Noun
• Root: अर्घ
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन (पूर्वपद)

• वर्ण: quality; grade; class
• Type: Noun
• Root: वर्ण
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन (पूर्वपद)

• अन्तरम्: difference; variation
• Type: Noun
• Root: अन्तर
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: अव्यय (विकल्पार्थक)

• धरकस्य: of the holder/keeper (of weights/measures)
• Type: Noun
• Root: धरक
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी एकवचन

• मायकस्य: of the measurer
• Type: Noun
• Root: मायक
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी एकवचन

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: अव्यय (विकल्पार्थक)

• पणमूल्यात्: from the sale price/value
• Type: Noun
• Root: पणमूल्य
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, पञ्चमी एकवचन (अपादान)

• अष्टभागम्: one-eighth (part)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अष्टभाग
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन (परिमाण/दण्डनिर्धारणे)

• हस्तदोषेण: by a hand-fault; by manual manipulation
• Type: Noun
• Root: हस्तदोष
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, तृतीया एकवचन (करण/हेतु)

• आचरतः: (who) practices/commits (such manipulation)
• Type: Verb
• Root: आ-चर् (आचरणे)
• Form: लट्, परस्मैपद, प्रथमा/षष्ठी?—वर्तमानकाले ‘आचरन्’ इत्यर्थे; here used as present participial sense ‘one who practices/does’ (agent in genitive with धरकस्य/मायकस्य)

• द्विशतः: of two hundred
• Type: Numeral
• Root: द्विशत
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी एकवचन (दण्डस्य विशेषण)

• दण्डः: fine; penalty
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन

Entities Mentioned

• merchant/custodian (dharaka)
• deceiver (māyaka)
• inspector/judge (implied)

More Details

FAQs

What does 'hastadoṣa' imply for enforcement?

A focus on practical methods of cheating at the point of transaction (manual manipulation), suggesting inspection and evidentiary attention to technique.

Why include 'arghavarṇāntara' alongside weights/measures?

Because fraud can be executed not only by quantity manipulation but also by misdeclaring grade/class or price category.