राजश्रोत्रियग्रामभृतककुष्ठिव्रणिनः पतितचण्डालकुत्सितकर्माणोऽन्धबधिरमूकाहं वादिनः स्त्रीराजपुरुषाश्च अन्यत्र स्ववर्गेभ्यः ॥ कZ_०३.११.२९ ॥
rājaśrotriyagrāmabhṛtakakuṣṭhivraṇinaḥ patitacaṇḍālakutsitakarmāṇo'ndhabadhiramūkāhaṃ vādinaḥ strīrājapuruṣāś ca anyatra svavargebhyaḥ
王室受赐/享特权者、村役、雇佣依附者、麻风病者与重伤者、被放逐者与旃陀罗(Caṇḍāla)、从事卑贱职业者、盲者、聋者、哑者、自认其事之当事人、妇女以及国王官员——除在其各自所属群体之内外,不得作为证人采信。
To reduce biased or unreliable testimony by excluding groups seen as dependent on the state/parties, socially vulnerable, or structurally conflicted—while still allowing testimony within the same peer group when necessary.
Because their proximity to power creates perceived bias and coercion risk; restricting them protects procedural legitimacy.