Sutra 32

Devanagari script

विलवणमुत्तमं दण्डं दद्यादनिषृष्टोपजीवी चान्यत्र वानप्रस्थेभ्यः ॥ कZ_०२.१२.३२ ॥

Transliteration

vilavaṇam uttamaṃ daṇḍaṃ dadyāt aniṣṛṣṭa-upajīvī ca anyatra vānaprasthebhyaḥ

Translation

凡未经许可经营食盐者，应缴纳最高罚金；同样，凡以未经许可的方式谋生者亦然——唯森林隐居者（vānaprastha）除外。

Word by Word

• वि-लवणम्: (a) special/particular ‘salt-related’ (fine/penalty)
• Type: Noun/Adjective
• Root: लवण
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; उपसर्गः वि- (विशेषेण/विरुद्धम्) + लवण (लवणयुक्त/लवणसम्बन्धि)

• उत्तमम्: highest; most severe
• Type: Adjective
• Root: उत्तम
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया एकवचन; विशेषणम् (दण्डम् इति)

• दण्डम्: punishment; fine
• Type: Noun
• Root: दण्ड
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया एकवचन; कर्मपदम्

• दद्यात्: should impose (a fine)
• Type: Verb
• Root: दा (दान)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (optative), परस्मैपदम्, प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; ‘he should give/impose’

• अनिषृष्ट-उपजीवी: one who lives by dependence without authorization
• Type: Noun (agent)
• Root: उपजीविन्
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा एकवचन; अनिषृष्ट (न-निषृष्ट = not released/ not permitted/ not authorized) इति विशेषणेन उपजीवी (one who lives by/depends on)

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: समुच्चयार्थक अव्यय

• अन्यत्र: except; otherwise than
• Type: Adverb
• Root: अन्यत्र
• Form: देश/अपवादवाचक अव्यय

• वा: or
• Type: Particle
• Root: वा
• Form: विकल्पार्थक अव्यय

• वानप्रस्थेभ्यः: from/except the vānaprasthas (forest-dwellers)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वानप्रस्थ
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, पञ्चमी बहुवचन; अपादान/अपवाद-निर्देशः (from/except the vānaprasthas)

Entities Mentioned

• illegal salt traders
• aniṣṛṣṭopajīvī (unauthorized livelihood)
• vānaprasthas

More Details

FAQs

What policy logic is served by an exemption for vānaprasthas?

It preserves social-religious protections for ascetic forest life while keeping strict deterrence against commercial profiteering.