Sutra 40
Devanagari script
विशेषेण तु भृत्येषु तदाज्ञालेखलक्षणम् ॥ कZ_०२.१०.४०च्द् ॥
Transliteration
viśeṣeṇa tu bhṛtyeṣu tad ājñālekhalakṣaṇam
Translation
——则尤其在涉及国家臣仆/官吏（bhṛtya）之事上，它具有书面命令（ājñā-lekha）的性质。
Word by Word
विशेषेणespecially; in particular
विशेषेण:
TypeNoun (used adverbially)
Rootविशेष
Formपुंलिङ्ग; तृतीया-एकवचन (करण/हेतु); अव्ययीभावार्थे ‘विशेषेण’ = ‘विशेषतः’
तुbut; however; indeed
तु:
TypeParticle
Rootतु
Formनिपात; विरोध/विशेषार्थक
भृत्येषुamong servants/attendants (employees)
भृत्येषु:
TypeNoun
Rootभृत्य
Formपुंलिङ्ग; सप्तमी-बहुवचन (अधिकरण)
तत्that; its
तत्:
TypePronoun
Rootतद्
Formसर्वनाम; नपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन (विशेषणरूपेण समासपदस्य पूर्वपदम्)
आज्ञाorder; command
आज्ञा:
TypeNoun
Rootआज्ञा
Formस्त्रीलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन (समासपदस्य मध्यपदम्)
लेखwriting; written document
लेख:
TypeNoun
Rootलेख
Formपुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन (समासपदस्य मध्यपदम्)
लक्षणम्the defining mark/characteristic (identifying feature) of that written order
लक्षणम्:
TypeNoun
Rootलक्षण
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; प्रथमा-एकवचन; समस्तपदम्: तदाज्ञालेखलक्षणम् = तस्य (भृत्येषु) आज्ञालेखस्य लक्षणम् / तद्-आज्ञा-लेख-लक्षणम् (बहुपद-समास)
Entities Mentioned
B
bhṛtya (official/servant)Ā
ājñā-lekha (written order)FAQs
Written commands create traceability, reduce deniability, and make enforcement (discipline or reward) auditable within the administrative hierarchy.