Rig Veda 3.31.8: Mandala 3, Sukta 31, Mantra 8

Sukta 3.31

Rishi: Viśvāmitra Gāthina (traditional)

Devata: Indra (as slayer of Śuṣṇa; opener of heavenly paths)

Chandas: Triṣṭubh (probable; requires verification)

Samhita Patha (Devanagari)

सतःसतः प्रतिमानं पुरोभूर्विश्वा वेद जनिमा हन्ति शुष्णम् । प्र णो दिवः पदवीर्गव्युरर्चन्त्सखा सखीँरमुञ्चन्निरवद्यात् ॥

Transliteration

satáḥ-satáḥ pratimā́naṃ puró-bhūr víśvā veda jánimā hánti śúṣṇam | prá ṇo diváḥ padavī́r gavyúr arcant sakhā́ sakhī́m̐r amuñcan nír avadyā́t ||

Translation

Ngài trở thành thước đo cho mọi trạng thái hữu, là kẻ đi trước; biết mọi cuộc sinh thành và đánh gục Śuṣṇa (quyền lực làm khô héo). Vì chúng ta, kẻ tìm đàn bò rực sáng đã mở những nẻo đường của trời bằng khúc tụng ca chói ngời; Người Bạn đã giải thoát các bạn hữu khỏi lỗi lầm trói buộc.

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Word by Word

• सतःसतः: continually, ever and again
• सतःसतः: Adhikaraṇa (adverbial: ‘continually/at every time’)
• Type: Noun (used adverbially) / Adjective
• Root: सत् (प्रा. < √अस् ‘to be’)

• प्रति: towards, in return, against
• प्रति: — (preverb/adverbial) संश्लेषः with following noun
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: प्रति (उपसर्ग/अव्यय)

• मानम्: measure, standard
• मानम्: Karma (object of an implied/understood action ‘sets/places/holds as a measure/standard’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मान (प्रा. < √मा ‘to measure’)

• पुरोभूः: the one who is foremost / who goes before
• पुरोभूः: Kartā (subject epithet, of Indra)
• Type: Adjective (agent-noun)
• Root: पुरो-भू (कृदन्त; पुरस् + √भू ‘to be/become’)

• विश्वा: all (things)
• विश्वा: Karma (object of √विद्)
• Type: Adjective (substantivized)
• Root: विश्व (प्रा.)

• वेद: knows
• वेद: — (finite verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √विद् ‘to know’

• जनिमा: births, origins
• जनिमा: Karma (object of √विद्)
• Type: Noun
• Root: जनिमन्/जनिमा (प्रा. < √जन् ‘to be born, produce’)

• हन्ति: slays
• हन्ति: — (finite verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √हन् ‘to strike, slay’

• शुष्णम्: Śuṣṇa (the demon)
• शुष्णम्: Karma (object of √हन्)
• Type: Noun (proper)
• Root: शुष्ण (प्रा.; demon-name)

• प्र: forth, forward
• प्र: — (preverb) modifies following verb/imperative
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: प्र (उपसर्ग/अव्यय)

• नः: for us, to us
• नः: Sampradāna (beneficiary: ‘for us’)
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: अस्मद्

• दिवः: of heaven, from the sky
• दिवः: Apādāna/Adhikaraṇa (source/realm: ‘from heaven’ / ‘of heaven’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दिव्/द्यौ (प्रा.)

• पदवीः: paths, tracks
• पदवीः: Karma (object of an imperative like ‘make/lead forth’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: पदवी (प्रा.)

• गव्युः: cow-seeking, seeking cattle (wealth)
• गव्युः: Kartā (subject epithet, of the singer/Indra depending on construal)
• Type: Adjective (epithet)
• Root: गव्यु (प्रा.; ‘seeking cows’, from गो + √इ/√यु?)

• अर्चन्: praising, singing
• अर्चन्: Kartā (concomitant action: ‘praising’)
• Type: Verb (participle)
• Root: √अर्च् ‘to praise, sing’

• सखा: friend
• सखा: Kartā (subject)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सखि (प्रा.)

• सखीः: friends, companions
• सखीः: Karma (object of √मुच्)
• Type: Noun
• Root: सखि (प्रा.)

• अमुञ्चन्: released, set free
• अमुञ्चन्: — (finite verb)
• Type: Verb
• Root: √मुच् ‘to release’ (with augment a-)

• निः: out, forth
• निः: — (preverb) intensifies ‘out, forth’
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: निः (उपसर्ग/अव्यय)

• अवद्यात्: from reproach, from fault
• अवद्यात्: Apādāna (source: ‘from blame/fault’)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अवद्य (प्रा.; ‘blame, reproach, fault’)