Valmiki Ramayana 2.49.9 — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 49, Shloka 9

एकोनपञ्चाशः सर्गः (Sarga 49): Rāma’s Night Journey Beyond Kosala and the Charioteer Address

Devanagari script

एता वाचो मनुष्याणां ग्रामसंवासवासिनाम्।शृण्वन्नतिययौ वीरः कोसलान् कोसलेश्वरः।।।।

Transliteration

etā vāco manuṣyāṇāṃ grāmasaṃvāsavāsinām |

śṛṇvann atiyayau vīraḥ kosalān kosaleśvaraḥ ||

Translation

Nghe những lời ấy do dân chúng nơi thôn xóm, làng mạc truyền nhau, vị anh hùng—chúa tể xứ Kosala—đã vượt qua khỏi cõi biên giới Kosala.

Word by Word

• एताः: these
• एताः: Karma-anvaya (कर्म-विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: एतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; प्रथमा; बहुवचन; विशेषण (adjective) वाचः

• वाचः: words
• वाचः: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वाच् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग; द्वितीया (Accusative); बहुवचन

• मनुष्याणाम्: of people
• मनुष्याणाम्: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/षष्ठी)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मनुष्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी; बहुवचन

• ग्रामसंवासवासिनाम्: of village-dwellers
• ग्रामसंवासवासिनाम्: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/षष्ठी)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ग्राम + संवास + वासिन् (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी; बहुवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (determinative): ग्रामसंवासे वासिनः (those dwelling in village-hamlet settlements)

• शृण्वन्: listening
• शृण्वन्: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Verb
• Root: श्रु (धातु)
• Form: शतृ-प्रत्ययान्त वर्तमानकाले कृदन्त (present active participle); पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा; एकवचन; ‘शृण्वन्’ = while listening

• अतिययौ: crossed/overpassed
• अतिययौ: Kriya (क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: अति-या (धातु)
• Form: लिट्-लकार (Perfect); परस्मैपद; प्रथमपुरुष; एकवचन

• वीरः: the hero
• वीरः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: वीर (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा; एकवचन; विशेष्य (apposition) कोसलेश्वरः

• कोसलान्: Kosala (lands/borders)
• कोसलान्: Karma (कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कोसल (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; द्वितीया; बहुवचन; देश/जनपदवाचक

• कोसलेश्वरः: lord of Kosala
• कोसलेश्वरः: Karta (कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: कोसल + ईश्वर (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग; प्रथमा; एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः: कोसलस्य ईश्वरः (lord of Kosala)

Context

Such were the words of people living in villages and hamlets that Rama the valiant lord of Kosala happened to hear as he was crossing the boundaries of Kosala.

Characters & Entities

• Rāma
• Kosala

FAQs

What is the core ethical principle (Dharma) in this verse?

Dharma here is shown through endurance: Rāma proceeds with his duty despite hearing painful public criticism and grief.

What is the narrative situation?

Rāma is travelling into exile; as he leaves Kosala territory, he hears the villagers’ lamentations and condemnation behind him.

Which character virtue is emphasized?

Rāma’s steadiness and courage (vīra) in continuing his path despite emotional turmoil.