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Ramayana — Ayodhya Kanda, Sarga 105, Shloka 1

भरतस्य प्रार्थना—रामस्य कालधर्मोपदेशः

Bharata’s Petition and Rama’s Instruction on Time and Mortality

Devanagari script

ततः पुरुषसिंहानां वृतानां तै स्सुहृद्गणैः।शोचतामेव रजनी दुःखेन व्यत्यवर्तत।।2.105.1।।

Transliteration

tataḥ puruṣa-siṃhānāṃ vṛtānāṃ taiḥ suhṛd-gaṇaiḥ |

śocatām eva rajanī duḥkhena vyatyavartata ||

Translation

Bấy giờ, đêm ấy trôi qua trong sầu khổ; những bậc trượng phu như sư tử, được bạn hữu vây quanh, chỉ biết than khóc mà thôi.

Word by Word
ततःthen/thereupon
ततः:
Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण)
TypeIndeclinable
Roottatas (अव्यय-प्रातिपदिक)
Formअव्यय (indeclinable adverb); अर्थे: ‘तस्मात्/अनन्तरम्’ (thereupon/then)
पुरुषसिंहानाम्of the best of men
पुरुषसिंहानाम्:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
TypeNoun
Rootपुरुष + सिंह (प्रातिपदिक); ‘पुरुषसिंह’
Formपुंलिङ्ग; षष्ठी (6th/genitive) बहुवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (determinative): ‘पुरुषाणां सिंहाः’ = best of men
वृतानाम्surrounded
वृतानाम्:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Genitive)
TypeAdjective
Root√वृ (धातु) + क्त (कृदन्त); ‘वृत’
Formभूतकर्मणि कृदन्त (past passive participle, क्त); पुंलिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग-सम्भव; षष्ठी बहुवचन; विशेषणम् (qualifying ‘पुरुषसिंहानाम्’): ‘surrounded’
तैःby them
तैः:
Karana (करण/Instrument)
TypeNoun
Roottad (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formसर्वनाम; पुंलिङ्ग; तृतीया (3rd/instrumental) बहुवचन
सुहृद्गणैःwith groups of friends
सुहृद्गणैः:
Karana (करण/Instrument)
TypeNoun
Rootसुहृद् + गण (प्रातिपदिक); ‘सुहृद्गण’
Formपुंलिङ्ग; तृतीया (3rd/instrumental) बहुवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः: ‘सुहृदां गणाः’ = groups of friends
शोचताम्of those lamenting
शोचताम्:
Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण; circumstance)
TypeVerb
Root√शुच् (धातु) शोक/शुच् + शतृ (कृदन्त); ‘शोचत्’
Formवर्तमानकाले शतृ-प्रत्ययान्त कृदन्त (present active participle); षष्ठी बहुवचन; ‘शोचताम्’ = ‘of those lamenting/while they lamented’ (genitive absolute nuance)
एवindeed/just
एव:
Sambandha (सम्बन्ध/Emphasis)
TypeIndeclinable
Rooteva (अव्यय)
Formअव्यय; निपात (particle) — emphasis ‘indeed/just’
रजनीthe night
रजनी:
Karta (कर्ता/Subject)
TypeNoun
Rootrajanī (प्रातिपदिक)
Formस्त्रीलिङ्ग; प्रथमा (1st/nominative) एकवचन
दुःखेनwith sorrow/painfully
दुःखेन:
Karana (करण/Instrument)
TypeNoun
Rootduḥkha (प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग; तृतीया (3rd/instrumental) एकवचन; भावे करणम् (instrument of manner)
व्यत्यवर्ततpassed away/elapsed
व्यत्यवर्तत:
Kriya (क्रिया/Verb)
TypeVerb
Rootvi-ati-√वृत् (धातु)
Formलङ् (imperfect/past); प्रथमपुरुष (3rd person) एकवचन; परस्मैपद; ‘passed/elapsed’
Context

That night passed off painfully for the four lion like brothers as they lamented, surrounded by their hosts of friends.

Characters & Entities
R
Rama
B
Bharata
L
Lakshmana
S
Shatrughna
F
Friends/allies

FAQs

Dharma is tested in sorrow; the verse frames grief as the emotional cost of moral crisis, preceding decisive righteous action.

After intense discussion and appeals, the brothers and their companions spend the night in lamentation, unable to resolve the conflict immediately.

Collective loyalty: friends remain present, sharing the burden during a dharmic dilemma.

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