Shloka 28

Adhyaya 34 — Madālāsā’s Instruction on Sadācāra (Householder Conduct, Purity, and Daily Rites)

Sanskrit

उपगातादृते दोषं नान्यस्योदीरयेद् बुधः ।

प्रत्यक्षलवणं वर्ज्यमन्नमत्युष्णमेव च ॥

Transliteration

upagātādṛte doṣaṃ nānyasyodīrayed budhaḥ | pratyakṣalavaṇaṃ varjyam annam aty-uṣṇam eva ca ||

Translation

Người có trí không nên nói lỗi của kẻ khác nếu điều ấy chưa trực tiếp đến tai mắt mình. Cũng nên tránh thức ăn bị mặn lộ liễu và thức ăn quá nóng.

Word by Word

• उपगातात्: from one who has approached/come near
• उपगातात्: अपादान (Ablative source/अपादान)
• Type: Noun
• Root: उपगात (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, पञ्चमी-विभक्ति (5th/Ablative), एकवचन

• ऋते: except, without
• ऋते: सम्बन्ध/अपवाद (Exception marker/अपवाद)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ऋते (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निषेधार्थ-अपवादसूचक (excepting/without)

• दोषम्: fault, defect
• दोषम्: कर्म (Object/कर्म)
• Type: Noun
• Root: दोष (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, द्वितीया-विभक्ति (2nd/Accusative), एकवचन

• न: not
• न: निषेध (Negation/निषेध)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: न (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; निषेध (negation particle)

• अन्यस्य: of another (person)
• अन्यस्य: सम्बन्ध (Genitive relation/सम्बन्ध)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अन्य (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, षष्ठी-विभक्ति (6th/Genitive), एकवचन

• उदीरयेत्: should utter/raise (mention)
• उदीरयेत्: क्रिया (Action/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: उद्-ईर् (धातु)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (Optative), परस्मैपद, प्रथमपुरुष (3rd person), एकवचन

• बुधः: a wise man
• बुधः: कर्ता (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: बुध (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति (1st/Nominative), एकवचन

• प्रत्यक्षलवणम्: visible salt (salt taken directly)
• प्रत्यक्षलवणम्: कर्ता/विधेय (Predicate subject/विधेय)
• Type: Noun
• Root: प्रत्यक्ष + लवण (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति (1st/Nominative), एकवचन; कर्मधारय-समास (visible/direct + salt)

• वर्ज्यम्: to be avoided
• वर्ज्यम्: विधेय (Predicate/विधेय)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: वर्ज्य (कृदन्त; √वृज्/वर्ज्)
• Form: कृदन्त (gerundive/तव्यत्-अर्थ), नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; विधेयविशेषण (predicative)

• अन्नम्: food
• अन्नम्: कर्ता/विधेय (Predicate subject/विधेय)
• Type: Noun
• Root: अन्न (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन

• अति-उष्णम्: too hot
• अति-उष्णम्: विशेषण (Qualifier/विशेषण)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: अति (अव्यय-उपसर्ग/पूर्वपद) + उष्ण (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; विशेषण (qualifying अन्नम्)

• एव: indeed/only
• एव: अवधारण (Emphasis/अवधारण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: एव (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; अवधारण (emphasis/only)

• च: and
• च: समुच्चय (Coordination/समुच्चय)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: च (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; समुच्चय (conjunction)

Speakers

• Dharmic instruction within the Markandeya Purana’s didactic discourse (speaker not specified in the provided extract)

Verse Rasa

{ "primaryRasa": "shanta", "secondaryRasa": "dharma", "rasaIntensity": 0, "emotionalArcPosition": "", "moodDescriptors": [] }

Key Themes

• Dharma
• Sadācāra
• Speech ethics
• Āhāra-niyama (dietary restraint)

FAQs

What is the philosophical or ethical takeaway?

Ethically, it restrains slander: only firsthand, necessary disclosure of faults is permitted, curbing gossip and social harm. Practically, it couples speech-discipline with food-discipline, implying that self-mastery begins with everyday habits.

How does this fit the Pancalakshana (5 characteristics)?

This verse belongs primarily to Ācāra/Dharma-śikṣā (conduct teaching), not to the core pañcalakṣaṇa topics (sarga, pratisarga, vaṃśa, manvantara, vaṃśānucarita). It is ancillary didactic material typical of Purāṇas.

What is the esoteric significance?

‘Fault-seeing’ is treated as a mental impurity; avoiding it protects inner clarity (sattva). Dietary restraint (avoiding overly salted/overly hot food) symbolically reduces rajas (agitation) and supports steadiness of mind suitable for dharma and study.