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Shloka 9

Brāhmaṇa-Dharma, Āśrama Eligibility, and the Primacy of Rāja-Dharma (Śānti Parva 63)

वृद्धा कृषिवणिक्त्वेन जीवसंजीवनेन च । वेत्तुमहसि राजेन्द्र स्वाध्यायगणितं महत्‌

vṛddhā kṛṣivaṇiktvena jīvasaṃjīvanena ca | vettum arhasi rājendra svādhyāyagaṇitaṃ mahat ||

Yudhiṣṭhira nói: “Hỡi bậc vương giả tối thượng, xin ngài hãy hiểu điều này: cũng như sinh kế lớn lao của giai cấp Vaiśya là cho vay lấy lãi, canh tác và buôn bán; cũng như bổn phận của giai cấp Kṣatriya là bảo hộ và trị vì muôn dân; thì đối với các Brāhmaṇa, công việc thật sự vĩ đại chính là svādhyāya—học tập và tụng đọc Veda.”

वृद्धाelder/aged (one)
वृद्धा:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootवृद्ध
Formfeminine, nominative, singular
कृषिby agriculture
कृषि:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootकृषि
Formfeminine, instrumental, singular
वणिक्त्वेनby/through trade/merchant-occupation
वणिक्त्वेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootवणिक्त्व
Formneuter, instrumental, singular
जीवसंजीवनेनby livelihood and sustaining (others)
जीवसंजीवनेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootजीव-संजीवन
Formneuter, instrumental, singular
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
वेत्‍तुम्to know/understand
वेत्‍तुम्:
Karma
TypeVerb
Rootविद्
Formtumun (infinitive)
अर्हसिyou ought/are fit (to)
अर्हसि:
TypeVerb
Rootअर्ह्
Formpresent, 2nd, singular, parasmaipada
राजेन्द्रO best of kings
राजेन्द्र:
TypeNoun
Rootराजेन्द्र
Formmasculine, vocative, singular
स्वाध्यायVedic study/recitation
स्वाध्याय:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootस्वाध्याय
Formmasculine, nominative, singular
गणितम्reckoned/considered
गणितम्:
TypeAdjective
Rootगणित
Formneuter, nominative, singular
महत्great
महत्:
TypeAdjective
Rootमहत्
Formneuter, nominative, singular

युधिषछ्िर उवाच

Y
Yudhiṣṭhira
R
rājendra (address to a king, contextually Bhīṣma in Śānti Parva)
V
Vaiśya
K
Kṣatriya
B
Brāhmaṇa
V
Veda (implied by svādhyāya)

Educational Q&A

The verse frames dharma through role-based duties: livelihood and social function differ by varna, and for Brāhmaṇas the highest, defining work is svādhyāya—disciplined Vedic study and recitation—paralleling the Vaiśya’s economic occupations and the Kṣatriya’s duty of protecting subjects.

In Śānti Parva’s instruction on dharma after the war, Yudhiṣṭhira addresses the senior authority (Bhīṣma) and articulates a comparison of occupational duties, emphasizing that Brāhmaṇas are primarily sustained and defined by sacred learning (svādhyāya), just as other social orders are defined by their respective functions.