Shloka 45
Prāyaścitta and Contextual Non-Culpability (प्रायश्चित्त-निमित्त-अदोषवाद)
जानता तु कृतं॑ पापं गुरु सर्व भवत्युत । अज्ञानात् स्वल्पको दोष: प्रायश्षित्तं विधीयते
jānatā tu kṛtaṃ pāpaṃ guru sarvaṃ bhavaty uta | ajñānāt svalpako doṣaḥ prāyaścittaṃ vidhīyate ||
Vyāsa nói: tội phạm do biết rõ mà làm thì trở nên hết sức nặng. Nhưng khi lỗi lầm phát sinh vì vô tri, sự trách cứ tương đối nhẹ; vì vậy, phép sám hối được đặt ra tùy theo mức nặng hay nhẹ của điều sai trái.
व्यास उवाच
Educational Q&A
Moral weight depends strongly on intention and awareness: deliberate wrongdoing is treated as a grave sin, while faults arising from ignorance carry lesser culpability; accordingly, expiations (prāyaścitta) are graded to match the severity.
In the didactic discourse of the Śānti Parva, Vyāsa states a principle for ethical and legal-religious judgment: how to assess wrongdoing and determine appropriate atonement based on whether the act was done knowingly or out of ignorance.