Shloka 1

Vidyā–Avidyā and the Twenty-Fifth Principle

Sāṃkhya–Yoga Clarification

Devanagari script

ऑपनआक्षातत [छ। अंक पज्चनवर्त्याधिकद्विशततमो< ध्याय: पराशरगीता--विषयासक्त मनुष्यका पतन

Transliteration

Parāśara uvāca: eṣa dharmavidhis tāta gṛhasthasya prakīrtitaḥ | tapovidhiṁ tu vakṣyāmi tan me nigadataḥ śṛṇu ||

Translation

Parāśara nói: “Hỡi con yêu, ta đã trình bày phép tắc và kỷ luật dharma dành cho người gia chủ. Nay ta sẽ giảng về kỷ luật của khổ hạnh (tapas); hãy lắng nghe lời ta tuyên thuyết.”

Word by Word

• एषः: this
• एषः: Karta
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: एतद्
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• धर्मविधिः: rule/ordinance of dharma
• धर्मविधिः: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: धर्मविधि
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular

• तात: dear one/son (vocative)
• Type: Noun
• Root: तात
• Form: Masculine, Vocative, Singular

• गृहस्थस्य: of the householder
• Type: Noun
• Root: गृहस्थ
• Form: Masculine, Genitive, Singular

• प्रकीर्तितः: has been proclaimed/declared
• Type: Verb
• Root: प्र-कीर्तित
• Form: Masculine, Nominative, Singular, Passive (PPP used predicatively)

• तपोविधिम्: the rule/discipline of austerity
• तपोविधिम्: Karma
• Type: Noun
• Root: तपोविधि
• Form: Masculine, Accusative, Singular

• तु: but/and now
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तु

• वक्ष्यामि: I will tell
• Type: Verb
• Root: वच्
• Form: Simple Future (Luṭ), First, Singular, Parasmaipada

• तत्: that
• तत्: Karma
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: Neuter, Accusative, Singular

• मे: of me / my
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: अस्मद्
• Form: Genitive, Singular

• निगदतः: while speaking/reciting
• Type: Verb
• Root: नि-गद्
• Form: Masculine, Genitive, Singular, Present active participle

• शृणु: listen
• Type: Verb
• Root: श्रु
• Form: Imperative (Loṭ), Second, Singular, Parasmaipada

Speaker

पराशर उवाच

Characters & Entities

• Parāśara

Educational Q&A

What is the core teaching?

The verse marks a transition in instruction: after outlining the dharma of the householder, Parāśara announces that he will now teach the discipline of tapas, implying that ethical life includes both social duty (gṛhastha-dharma) and inner self-restraint (tapas).

What is happening in the narrative?

Parāśara, speaking as a teacher, concludes one section on household conduct and begins a new section on austerity, directly addressing his listener with an affectionate ‘tāta’ and urging attentive listening.