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Shloka 25

मोक्षोपाय-निर्णयः

Determination of the Means to Liberation

वित्रास्यमाना: सुकृतो न कामादधघ्नन्ति दुष्कृतीन्‌ । सुकृतेनैव राजानो भूयिष्ठं शासते प्रजा:

vitrāsyamānāḥ sukṛto na kāmād adhaghnanti duṣkṛtīn | sukṛtenaiva rājāno bhūyiṣṭhaṃ śāsate prajāḥ ||

Humatsena nói: “Khi người ta được làm cho cảm nhận nỗi sợ hình phạt, họ sẽ hướng về hạnh kiểm thiện lành; vì thế, mục đích của hình phạt là dùng sự răn đe để gây dựng dharma, chứ không phải để đoạt mạng. Các bậc quân vương không vì dục ý riêng mà giết kẻ ác. Những người trị vì tốt nhất, phần nhiều, cai quản thần dân lâu dài bằng chính đức hạnh—bằng việc lành và lối ứng xử đúng mực, văn minh.”

वित्रास्यमानाःbeing frightened / being made afraid
वित्रास्यमानाः:
Karta
TypeAdjective
Rootवित्रास्यमान (वि+त्रस्, caus. √त्रस्)
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
सुकृतःthe virtuous (good-doers)
सुकृतः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootसुकृत
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
not
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
कामात्from desire / out of whim
कामात्:
Apadana
TypeNoun
Rootकाम
FormMasculine, Ablative, Singular
अधघ्नन्तिthey strike/kill
अधघ्नन्ति:
TypeVerb
Rootअधि+√हन्
FormPresent, Third, Plural, Parasmaipada
दुष्कृतीन्evil-doers
दुष्कृतीन्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootदुष्कृतिन्
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
सुकृतेनby good conduct / by merit
सुकृतेन:
Karana
TypeNoun
Rootसुकृत
FormNeuter, Instrumental, Singular
एवindeed / only
एव:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootएव
राजानःkings
राजानः:
Karta
TypeNoun
Rootराजन्
FormMasculine, Nominative, Plural
भूयिष्ठम्mostly / for the most part
भूयिष्ठम्:
TypeAdverb
Rootभूयिष्ठ (बहु-तमा/अधिकतम)
शासतेthey rule / govern
शासते:
TypeVerb
Root√शास्
FormPresent, Third, Plural, Atmanepada
प्रजाःthe subjects / people
प्रजाः:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootप्रजा
FormFeminine, Accusative, Plural

हुमत्सेन उवाच

H
Humatsena
R
rājānaḥ (kings/rulers)
P
prajāḥ (subjects/people)
D
duṣkṛtīn (wrongdoers)

Educational Q&A

Punishment (daṇḍa) is primarily a tool of deterrence meant to generate fear that turns people toward righteous conduct; it is not meant for cruelty or killing driven by a ruler’s personal desire. Ideal kings rule mainly through their own virtue and good governance rather than frequent violent penalties.

In the Shanti Parva’s discourse on rājadharma, Humatsena explains the ethical rationale behind royal punishment: fear of penalty reforms behavior, so the king’s aim should be moral order and long-term stability, achieved chiefly through good conduct and just administration rather than arbitrary executions.