Shloka 18

Śakra–Namuci-saṃvāda: Śoka-nivāraṇa and Daiva-vicāra

Indra and Namuci on grief, composure, and inevitability

Devanagari script

द्रव्यत्यागे तु कर्माणि भोगत्यागे व्रतान्यपि । सुखत्यागे तपो योगं सर्वत्यागे समापना

Transliteration

Bhīṣma uvāca: dravya-tyāge tu karmāṇi bhoga-tyāge vratāny api | sukha-tyāge tapo yogaṃ sarva-tyāge samāpanā ||

Translation

Bhīṣma nói: Muốn xả bỏ tài vật, kinh điển dạy thực hành các nghi lễ như tế tự; muốn xả bỏ hưởng thụ, kinh điển dạy giữ các lời nguyện; muốn xả bỏ lạc thú thân xác, kinh điển dạy khổ hạnh; và muốn xả bỏ tất cả—ngã mạn, chấp thủ “của ta”, luyến ái và khát dục—kinh điển dạy tu tập kỷ luật Yoga. Đó được dạy là đỉnh cao của ly xả.

Word by Word

• द्रव्यत्यागे: in the renunciation of wealth
• द्रव्यत्यागे: Adhikarana
• Type: Noun
• Root: द्रव्य-त्याग
• Form: Masculine, Locative, Singular

• तु: but/indeed
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: तु

• कर्माणि: ritual acts (works)
• कर्माणि: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: कर्मन्
• Form: Neuter, Nominative, Plural

• भोगत्यागे: in the renunciation of enjoyments
• भोगत्यागे: Adhikarana
• Type: Noun
• Root: भोग-त्याग
• Form: Masculine, Locative, Singular

• व्रतानि: vows/observances
• व्रतानि: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: व्रत
• Form: Neuter, Nominative, Plural

• अपि: also/even
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: अपि

• सुखत्यागे: in the renunciation of pleasure
• सुखत्यागे: Adhikarana
• Type: Noun
• Root: सुख-त्याग
• Form: Masculine, Locative, Singular

• तपः: austerity
• तपः: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: तपस्
• Form: Neuter, Nominative, Singular

• योगम्: yoga (discipline)
• योगम्: Karma
• Type: Noun
• Root: योग
• Form: Masculine, Accusative, Singular

• सर्वत्यागे: in the renunciation of everything
• सर्वत्यागे: Adhikarana
• Type: Noun
• Root: सर्व-त्याग
• Form: Masculine, Locative, Singular

• समापना: completion/culmination
• समापना: Karta
• Type: Noun
• Root: समापन
• Form: Feminine, Nominative, Singular

Speaker

भीष्म उवाच

Characters & Entities

• Bhīṣma

Educational Q&A

What is the core teaching?

Renunciation is graded: giving up wealth is supported by ritual duty; giving up pleasures by vows; giving up bodily comfort by austerity; but the highest renunciation is inner total letting-go—ego, possessiveness, attachment, and desire—fulfilled through Yoga.

What is happening in the narrative?

In the Śānti Parva’s instruction on dharma and liberation, Bhīṣma teaches Yudhiṣṭhira a hierarchy of practices, showing how external renunciations culminate in the inner, comprehensive renunciation taught as Yoga.