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Shloka 21

Vimokṣa-niścaya: Pañcaśikha’s Analysis of Aggregates, Guṇas, and Tyāga (मोक्षनिर्णयः)

सम्मोहकं तमो विद्यात्‌ कृष्णमज्ञानसम्भवम्‌ | प्रीतिदुःखनिबद्धांश्व समस्तांस्त्रीनथो गुणान्‌

bhīṣma uvāca | sammohakaṃ tamo vidyāt kṛṣṇam ajñāna-sambhavam | prīti-duḥkha-nibaddhāṃś ca samastāṃs trīn atho guṇān |

Bhishma nói: Phải hiểu tamas là sức mạnh gây mê muội—đen tối như bóng đêm—và sinh từ vô minh. Trong ba guna trói buộc mọi hữu tình, những khuynh hướng làm phát sinh sự mãn nguyện và tình ái là sāttvika; còn những khuynh hướng sinh ra khổ đau là rājasa. Như vậy phải phân biệt rõ bản tính của ba guna ấy.

सम्मोहकम्deluding, causing bewilderment
सम्मोहकम्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootसम्मोहक
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
तमःdarkness; tamas (the dark quality)
तमः:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootतमस्
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
विद्यात्one should know/understand
विद्यात्:
Karta
TypeVerb
Rootविद्
FormOptative (Vidhi-lin), 3rd, Singular, Parasmaipada
कृष्णम्black, dark
कृष्णम्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootकृष्ण
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
अज्ञानसम्भवम्arising from ignorance
अज्ञानसम्भवम्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootअज्ञानसम्भव
FormNeuter, Accusative, Singular
प्रीतिदुःखनिबद्धान्bound up with pleasure and pain
प्रीतिदुःखनिबद्धान्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootप्रीतिदुःखनिबद्ध
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
and
:
TypeIndeclinable
Root
समस्तान्all, entire
समस्तान्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootसमस्त
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
त्रीन्three
त्रीन्:
Karma
TypeAdjective
Rootत्रि
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural
अथthen; now; moreover
अथ:
TypeIndeclinable
Rootअथ
गुणान्qualities (gunas)
गुणान्:
Karma
TypeNoun
Rootगुण
FormMasculine, Accusative, Plural

भीष्म उवाच

B
Bhishma

Educational Q&A

Bhishma defines the ethical-psychological markers of the guṇas: tamas is delusion and darkness arising from ignorance; sattva is associated with clarity and pleasant, affectionate states; rajas is associated with agitation that culminates in suffering. The teaching urges discernment of these inner forces to guide conduct toward dharma.

In the Shanti Parva’s instruction on right living and inner discipline, Bhishma continues his counsel by classifying mental dispositions through the framework of the three guṇas, explaining how they manifest and how they bind beings.