Shloka 31

भीष्मरथाभिमुख्यं — Arjuna’s advance with Śikhaṇḍin; Duḥśāsana’s interception

Devanagari script

तथैव च रथान्‌ राजन्‌ प्रममर्द रणे गज: । रथाश्वैव समासाद्य पतितांस्तुरगान्‌ भुवि

Transliteration

tathaiva ca rathān rājan pramamarda raṇe gajaḥ | rathāś caiva samāsādya patitāṁs turagān bhuvi ||

Translation

Sañjaya thưa: “Cũng vậy, tâu Đại vương, giữa trận chiến ấy, một con voi đã giẫm nát nhiều chiến xa; còn các chiến xa lao tới, lại cán qua những con ngựa đã ngã trên mặt đất.”

Word by Word

• {'tathaiva': 'in the same way

• likewise', 'ca': 'and', 'rathān': 'chariots (accusative plural of ratha)', 'rājan': 'O king (vocative

• address to Dhṛtarāṣṭra)', 'pramamarda': 'crushed, trampled, smashed (perfect/preterite of pra-√mṛd)', 'raṇe': 'in battle, in the battlefield (locative of raṇa)', 'gajaḥ': 'elephant (nominative singular)', 'rathāḥ': 'chariots (nominative plural)', 'eva': 'indeed

• emphatic particle', 'samāsādya': 'having reached/encountered

• coming upon (absolutive of sam-ā-√sad)', 'patitān': 'fallen (accusative plural of patita)', 'turagān': 'horses (accusative plural of turaga)', 'bhuvi': 'on the earth/ground (locative of bhū)'}

Speaker

संजय उवाच

Characters & Entities

• Sañjaya
• Dhṛtarāṣṭra (implied by rājan)
• elephant (gaja)
• chariots (ratha)
• horses (turaga)
• battlefield (raṇa)

Educational Q&A

What is the core teaching?

The verse offers a stark ethical reminder of war’s indiscriminate momentum: once violence is unleashed, even valued forces (elephants, chariots, horses) become entangled in mutual destruction, and compassion or restraint is easily overridden by the press of battle.

What is happening in the narrative?

Sañjaya describes the battlefield where an elephant is crushing chariots, while chariots, charging forward, run over horses already fallen on the ground—an image of confusion and relentless movement amid the Kurukṣetra fighting.