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Garuda Purana — Preta Kalpa, Shloka 31

Akalamṛtyu-kāraṇa and Bāla Antyeṣṭi: Age-graded Funeral Rites, Śrāddha Types, and Sonship Duties

Devanagari script

गरुड उवाच / औरसक्षेत्रजाद्याश्च पुत्त्रा दशविधाः स्मृताः / संगृहीतः सुतो यस्तु दासीपुत्त्रश्च तेन किम्

Transliteration

garuḍa uvāca / aurasakṣetrajādyāśca puttrā daśavidhāḥ smṛtāḥ / saṃgṛhītaḥ suto yastu dāsīputtraśca tena kim

Translation

Garuḍa thưa: “Các hạng con trai, bắt đầu từ con ruột (aurasa) và kṣetrajā, được ghi nhớ là mười loại. Nhưng còn ‘con được nhận’ và con sinh từ nữ tỳ—phải được xem xét thế nào?”

Word by Word
गरुडःGaruḍa
गरुडः:
Karta (Speaker/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootगरुड (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन
उवाचsaid
उवाच:
Kriya (Speech/क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Root√वच् (धातु)
Formलिट्-लकार (परोक्षभूत/परिपूर्णभूत), परस्मैपद, प्रथम-पुरुष, एकवचन
औरसlegitimate (born of the body)
औरस:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootऔरस (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन (समासपूर्वपद-रूपेण)
क्षेत्रजfield-born (begotten on wife by another)
क्षेत्रज:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootक्षेत्रज (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन (समासपूर्वपद-रूपेण)
आद्याःand others beginning with
आद्याः:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootआदि (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन; ‘and others’ (आदि-शब्द)
चand
च:
Sambandha (Conjunction/समुच्चय)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootच (अव्यय)
Formसमुच्चय-निपात (conjunction)
पुत्राःsons
पुत्राः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootपुत्र (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन
दशविधाःof ten kinds
दशविधाः:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootदश (संख्या-प्रातिपदिक) + विध (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन; द्विगु-समासः (दश प्रकाराः)
स्मृताःare declared
स्मृताः:
Kriya (Predicate/क्रिया)
TypeVerb
Root√स्मृ (धातु) → स्मृत (कृदन्त; क्त)
Formक्त-प्रत्ययान्त, पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, बहुवचन; कर्मणि-भावः ‘are said/are remembered’
संगृहीतःaccepted/adopted
संगृहीतः:
Visheshana (Adjective/विशेषण)
TypeAdjective
Rootसम् + √ग्रह् (धातु) → संगृहीत (कृदन्त; क्त)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; क्त-प्रत्ययान्त (past participle)
सुतःson
सुतः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootसुत (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन
यःwho/which
यः:
Sambandha (Relative/सम्बन्ध)
TypeNoun
Rootयद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; सम्बन्ध-प्रत्यय (relative pronoun)
तुbut/indeed
तु:
Sambandha (Particle/सम्बन्ध)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootतु (अव्यय)
Formविरोध/अनुवाद-निपात (but/indeed)
दासीपुत्रःson of a maidservant
दासीपुत्रः:
Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
TypeNoun
Rootदासी (प्रातिपदिक) + पुत्र (प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा-विभक्ति, एकवचन; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः (दास्याः पुत्रः)
चand
च:
Sambandha (Conjunction/समुच्चय)
TypeIndeclinable
Rootच (अव्यय)
Formसमुच्चय-निपात
तेनby that/with that
तेन:
Karana (Instrument/करण)
TypeNoun
Rootतद् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formपुंलिङ्ग/नपुंसकलिङ्ग, तृतीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन
किम्what (use/point)?
किम्:
Karma (Object/कर्म)
TypeNoun
Rootकिम् (सर्वनाम-प्रातिपदिक)
Formनपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया-विभक्ति, एकवचन; प्रश्नार्थक
Speaker

Garuḍa (Vinātā-putra)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Putra-bheda (types of sons) determines rights, duties, and ritual competence; questions focus on how adoption/acceptance and servant-born status are treated within dharmic frameworks.

Vedantic Theme: Dharma as social-ritual order (vyavahāra) supporting continuity of obligations (ṛṇa) within saṃsāra.

Application: When handling inheritance/ritual responsibilities, consult dharma sources and community norms; recognize that social categories affect ritual roles in traditional contexts.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: adbhuta

Secondary Rasa: shanta

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 2.25 (putra-bheda section continuing into śrāddha/ṛṇa themes)

Characters & Entities
G
Garuḍa

FAQs

This verse frames Garuḍa’s inquiry about who is recognized as a ‘son’ under dharma, which directly affects eligibility for ancestral rites such as śrāddha and piṇḍa-dāna.

By asking about adopted sons and sons of a servant, Garuḍa is clarifying which relations can lawfully carry out post-death duties—key to ensuring proper offerings and continuity of rites for the departed.

When arranging funeral or śrāddha observances, consult a qualified tradition (smārta/ācārya) on who should perform the rites—this verse highlights that dharma texts distinguish roles by recognized kinship categories.

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