Shloka 13

Atīsāra (Diarrhoea) and Grahaṇī-doṣa: Causes, Prodromal Signs, Doṣa-wise Symptoms, and Major-Disease Status

Devanagari script

अतीसारः समासेन द्वेधा सामो निरामकः / सासृग्जातं रसद्रोगो गौरवादप्सु मुञ्चति? / शकृद्दुर्गन्धमाटोपविष्टम्भार्तिप्रसेकिनः

Transliteration

atīsāraḥ samāsena dvedhā sāmo nirāmakaḥ / sāsṛgjātaṃ rasadrogo gauravādapsu muñcati? / śakṛddurgandhamāṭopaviṣṭambhārtiprasekinaḥ

Translation

Atīsāra (tiêu chảy), nói gọn, có hai loại: (1) loại sāma, còn dính āma (độc tố do thức ăn chưa tiêu), và (2) loại nirāmaka, không còn āma. Khi kèm máu thì thành chứng nặng; do cảm giác nặng bụng nên đi ngoài nhiều lần, phân lẫn nước. Dấu hiệu là phân hôi thối, đầy hơi, bế tắc như táo bón, đau nhức, và luôn khạc nhổ hoặc buồn nôn.

Word by Word

• atīsāraḥ: diarrhea/dysentery
• atīsāraḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: atīsāra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• samāsena: briefly
• samāsena: Kriya-visheṣaṇa (Adverbial/क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: samāsa (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: अव्ययवत् तृतीया-एकवचन; ‘समासेन’ = संक्षेपेण (in brief)

• dvedhā: in two kinds
• dvedhā: Kriya-visheṣaṇa (Adverbial/क्रियाविशेषण)
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: dvedhā (अव्यय)
• Form: अव्यय; प्रकारवाचक (in two ways)

• sāmaḥ: with āma (undigested toxins)
• sāmaḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: sāma (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; विशेषणम्

• nir-āmakaḥ: without āma
• nir-āmakaḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: nis- (उपसर्ग) + āma (प्रातिपदिक) + -ka (तद्धित)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन; ‘निराम’ = without āma

• sa-asṛk-jātam: arising with blood / blood-mixed
• sa-asṛk-jātam: Karma (Object/कर्म)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: sa (सह) + asṛk (प्रातिपदिक) + jāta (कृदन्त)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, प्रथमा/द्वितीया, एकवचन; ‘रक्तयुक्तम्’

• rasa-drogaḥ: disorder of bodily fluids (rasa)
• rasa-drogaḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Noun
• Root: rasa (प्रातिपदिक) + droga (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, एकवचन

• gauravāt: from heaviness
• gauravāt: Hetu (Cause/हेतु)
• Type: Noun
• Root: gaurava (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: नपुंसकलिङ्ग, पञ्चमी (5th/अपादान), एकवचन; हेत्वर्थे (ablative of cause)

• apsu: in water
• apsu: Adhikarana (Location/अधिकरण)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ap (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: स्त्रीलिङ्ग, सप्तमी, बहुवचन; ‘अप्’ (water)

• muñcati: releases/voids
• muñcati: Kriya (Action/क्रिया)
• Type: Verb
• Root: muc (धातु)
• Form: लट् (Present), प्रथमपुरुष, एकवचन; परस्मैपदम्

• śakṛt-durgandha-māṭopa-viṣṭambha-ārti-prasekinaḥ: having foul-smelling stool, distension, obstruction, pain and excessive discharge
• śakṛt-durgandha-māṭopa-viṣṭambha-ārti-prasekinaḥ: Karta (Subject/कर्ता)
• Type: Adjective
• Root: śakṛt (प्रातिपदिक) + durgandha (प्रातिपदिक) + māṭopa (प्रातिपदिक) + viṣṭambha (प्रातिपदिक) + ārti (प्रातिपदिक) + prasekin (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: पुंलिङ्ग, प्रथमा, बहुवचन; बहुपद-तत्पुरुष-समासः; ‘प्रसेकिन्’ = स्रावशील/अतिस्रावी (one who has excessive discharge)

Speaker

Lord Vishnu (in instruction to Garuda)

Philosophical Teaching

Concept: Discriminative knowledge (viveka) in diagnosis: distinguishing sāma vs nirāma states; recognizing danger signs (blood, heaviness, fetor).

Vedantic Theme: Viveka as a general epistemic virtue—applied here to embodied life; right knowledge reduces suffering.

Application: Assess whether symptoms suggest āma/toxicity; treat promptly when blood, heaviness, severe fetor, pain, or dehydration signs appear.

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: adbhuta

Secondary Rasa: bibhatsa

Cross References

Related Themes: Garuda Purana 1.157 (atisara typology: sāma/nirāma; severe blood-associated form; symptom cluster)

Characters & Entities

• Vishnu
• Garuda

FAQs

What is the importance of classifying atīsāra as sāma and nirāmaka in the Garuda Purana?

This verse highlights that diarrhoea is not one uniform condition; identifying whether it is associated with āma (sāma) or not (nirāmaka) guides how one understands severity and suitable treatment approach in traditional physiology.

How does this verse explain the seriousness of blood in diarrhoea?

It states that when diarrhoea is accompanied by blood (sāsṛgjāta), it indicates a more severe disorder (rasadroga), alongside heaviness and repeated watery evacuation—signs of complication.

Practical application of this wisdom today?

Use the symptom markers—blood, severe pain, foul smell, persistent watery stools, and heaviness—as red flags for urgent medical attention, while also reflecting the text’s emphasis on careful observation and timely intervention.