Sutra 43

Devanagari script

तयोरप्यन्यतरपराजयोऽस्तीति नलयुधिष्ठिराभ्यां व्याख्यातम् ॥ कZ_०८.३.४३ ॥

Transliteration

tayor apy anyataraparājayo 'stīti nalayudhiṣṭhirābhyāṃ vyākhyātam

Translation

Vì ngay cả giữa hai người ấy (người giỏi và đối thủ) cũng có sự thất bại của một bên—điều này được minh họa qua Nala và Yudhiṣṭhira.

Word by Word

• तयोः: of those two
• Type: Pronoun
• Root: तद्
• Form: sarvanāma; genitive dual (षष्ठी-द्विवचन)

• अपि: also; even
• Type: Particle
• Root: अपि
• Form: nipāta; emphatic/inclusive particle

• अन्यतर: one of the two (either one)
• Type: Pronoun/Adjective
• Root: अन्यतर
• Form: pronominal adjective; nominative singular masculine (प्रथमा-एकवचन-पुं) used with implied noun (e.g., पक्षः/जनः)

• पराजयः: defeat; loss
• Type: Noun
• Root: पराजय
• Form: masculine; nominative singular (प्रथमा-एकवचन)

• अस्ति: there is; exists
• Type: Verb
• Root: अस्
• Form: present indicative; parasmaipada; 3rd person singular (लट्, प्र.पु., एकवचन)

• इति: thus
• Type: Quotative particle
• Root: इति
• Form: nipāta; marks end of quotation/thought

• नल: by Nala
• Type: Proper Noun
• Root: नल
• Form: masculine; instrumental singular (तृतीया-एकवचन)

• युधिष्ठिर: by Yudhiṣṭhira
• Type: Proper Noun
• Root: युधिष्ठिर
• Form: masculine; instrumental singular (तृतीया-एकवचन)

• आभ्याम्: by the two (together)
• Type: Dual-instrumental marker
• Root: (द्वि-प्रयोगः)
• Form: instrumental dual ending (तृतीया-द्विवचन) completing the dvandva sense with the two preceding names: ‘नल-युधिष्ठिर-आभ्याम्’ = ‘by Nala and Yudhiṣṭhira’

• व्याख्यातम्: has been explained; was expounded
• Type: Verb (Past Passive Participle)
• Root: व्याख्या + कृ (कृञ्)
• Form: PPP (क्त); neuter nominative/accusative singular; passive sense: ‘has been explained’

Entities Mentioned

• Nala
• Yudhiṣṭhira

More Details

FAQs

What is Kauṭilya’s logical move here?

He shifts from ‘skill guarantees victory’ to ‘outcomes are unstable’; therefore gambling cannot be justified as a controlled, predictable activity.