Sutra 1

Devanagari script

मुषितसंनिधौ बाह्यानामभ्यन्तराणां च साक्षिणामभिशस्तस्य देशजातिगोत्रनामकर्मसारसहायनिवासाननुयुञ्जीत ॥ कZ_०४.८.०१ ॥

Transliteration

muṣitasaṃnidhau bāhyānām abhyantarāṇāṃ ca sākṣiṇām abhiśastasya deśa-jāti-gotra-nāma-karma-sāra-sahāya-nivāsān anuyuñjīta

Translation

Tại khu vực gần nơi xảy ra vụ trộm, người bị cáo buộc phải được thẩm vấn bằng cách triệu tập cả nhân chứng bên ngoài lẫn bên trong, và bị hỏi về địa phương, cộng đồng/bộ tộc, dòng họ, tên, nghề nghiệp, nguồn lực/tài sản, đồng bọn/người trợ giúp, và nơi cư trú.

Word by Word

• मुषित-संनिधौ: at/near the place of theft (robbery scene)
• Type: Noun
• Root: मुष् (चौर्ये) / संनिधि
• Form: सप्तमी एकवचन; 'मुषितस्य संनिधौ' = where the theft/robbery has occurred (at/near the robbed place)

• बाह्यानाम्: of external (outside) [witnesses]
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: बाह्य
• Form: षष्ठी बहुवचन; qualifying 'साक्षिणाम्'

• अभ्यन्तराणाम्: of internal (inside) [witnesses]
• Type: Adjective (used substantively)
• Root: अभ्यन्तर
• Form: षष्ठी बहुवचन; qualifying 'साक्षिणाम्'

• च: and
• Type: Particle
• Root: च
• Form: समुच्चयार्थक अव्यय

• साक्षिणाम्: of witnesses
• Type: Noun
• Root: साक्षिन्
• Form: षष्ठी बहुवचन; dependent on 'अनुयुञ्जीत' (to examine/question witnesses)

• अभिशस्तस्य: of the accused
• Type: Noun/Participle (used as noun)
• Root: अभिशस्त
• Form: षष्ठी एकवचन; 'of the accused/denounced person'

• देश-जाति-गोत्र-नाम-कर्म-सार-सहाय-निवासान्: (his) locality, community/caste, lineage, name, occupation/deeds, substance/means, associates/helpers, and residence
• Type: Noun (compound list)
• Root: देश/जाति/गोत्र/नामन्/कर्मन्/सार/सहाय/निवास
• Form: द्वितीया बहुवचन; objects of 'अनुयुञ्जीत' (things to be asked/inquired into)

• अनुयुञ्जीत: should question / should interrogate
• Type: Verb
• Root: अनु-युज् (प्रश्ने/नियोगे)
• Form: विधिलिङ् (optative), परस्मैपद, प्रथमपुरुष एकवचन; 'he should question/examine' (the officer/judge implied)

Entities Mentioned

• accused
• witnesses (internal and external)
• local community/lineage networks

More Details

FAQs

Why does Kautilya require both internal and external witnesses near the scene of theft?

To cross-check narratives across insiders (who know local routines) and outsiders (less embedded in local collusion), improving reliability and reducing manipulation.

What is the administrative purpose of asking about deśa-jāti-gotra-nāma-karma-sahāya-nivāsa?

It creates a verifiable identity-and-network profile to trace movements, detect false identities, and map potential accomplices or shelters.