Shloka 63

The Glory of Bhārata-varṣa: Enumerating Mountains, Rivers, and Regions

Devanagari script

खांडीकाश्च तुषाराश्च पद्मगा गिरिगह्वराः । आद्रेयाः सभिरादाजास्तथैव स्तनपोषकाः

Transliteration

khāṃḍīkāśca tuṣārāśca padmagā girigahvarāḥ | ādreyāḥ sabhirādājāstathaiva stanapoṣakāḥ

Translation

خاندیکا، تُشار، پدمگا، گِرِگہورا، آدریا، سبھِراداجا اور اسی طرح ستن پوشکا—یہ نام بھی اُن میں شمار کیے جاتے ہیں۔

Word by Word

• khāṃḍīkāḥ: Khāṃḍīkas (a people/tribe name)
• khāṃḍīkāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: khāṃḍīka (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध) — connective
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Samuccaya-nipāta (समुच्चय-निपात) — conjunction “and”

• tuṣārāḥ: Tuṣāras (a people/tribe name)
• tuṣārāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: tuṣāra (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural

• ca: and
• ca: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध) — connective
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: ca (अव्यय)
• Form: Samuccaya-nipāta (समुच्चय-निपात) — conjunction “and”

• padmagāḥ: Padmagas (a group name; lit. ‘lotus-goers’)
• padmagāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: padma (प्रातिपदिक) + ga (प्रातिपदिक; from √gam गम्)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural; उपपद-तत्पुरुषः: padmaṃ gacchanti/ padme gāḥ (group-name; lit. “lotus-goers”)

• girigahvarāḥ: mountain-cave dwellers / Girigahvaras
• girigahvarāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: giri (प्रातिपदिक) + gahvara (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः: girīṇāṃ gahvarāḥ (“mountain-caves/valleys”; as group-name/epithet)

• ādreyāḥ: Ādreyas (a people/tribe name)
• ādreyāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: ādreya (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural

• sabhirādājāḥ: Sabhirādājas (a people/tribe name; textually uncertain)
• sabhirādājāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: sabhirādāja (प्रातिपदिक)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural (tribal/group name; internal segmentation uncertain in received text)

• tathā: likewise
• tathā: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध) — adverbial modifier
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: tathā (अव्यय)
• Form: Avyaya — adverb “likewise”

• eva: indeed
• eva: Sambandha (सम्बन्ध) — emphasis
• Type: Indeclinable
• Root: eva (अव्यय)
• Form: Avadhāraṇa-nipāta (अवधारण-निपात) — “indeed/just”

• stana-poṣakāḥ: Stana-poṣakas (breast-nourishers; group name/epithet)
• stana-poṣakāḥ: Karta (कर्ता) — subject (enumerated group)
• Type: Noun
• Root: stana (प्रातिपदिक) + poṣaka (प्रातिपदिक; from √puṣ पुष्)
• Form: Puṃliṅga (पुंलिङ्ग), Prathamā (प्रथमा) Bahuvacana (बहुवचन) — Nominative plural; षष्ठी-तत्पुरुषः: stanānāṃ poṣakāḥ (“nourishers of breasts”; epithet/group name)

Speaker

Unspecified in the provided excerpt (context needed from surrounding verses in Svargakhaṇḍa 6).

Verse Rasa

Primary Rasa: adbhuta

Secondary Rasa: shanta

Geographic Context

Type: mountain

Sandhi Resolution Notes

Sandhi Resolution Notes: khāṃḍīkāḥ + ca → khāṃḍīkāśca; tuṣārāḥ + ca → tuṣārāśca; tatha + eva → tathaiva; sabhirādājāstathaiva → sabhirādājāḥ + tathaiva.

FAQs

What does this verse reveal about the geography of sacred Tirthas?

It functions as a catalogue-style line, preserving traditional names of rivers/tīrthas and indicating the Purāṇa’s encyclopedic interest in sacred geography.

How does this verse emphasize the path of Bhakti?

Indirectly: by naming tīrthas, it supports devotional practice centered on pilgrimage, remembrance, and reverence for sacred landscapes associated with divine merit.

What is the ethical lesson from this dialogue?

The ethical thrust is implicit—valuing purity, restraint, and merit-making through honoring sacred places; the verse itself is primarily nominative (a list), so the explicit moral teaching lies in the surrounding context.