Adhyaya 48 — The Emanation of Beings from Brahma: Night, Day, Twilight, and the Orders of Creation
श्वापदं द्विखुरं हस्ती वानराः पक्षिपञ्चमाः ।
औदकाः पशवः षष्ठाः सप्तमास्तु सरीसृपाः ॥
śvāpadaṃ dvikhuraṃ hastī vānarāḥ pakṣipañcamāḥ | audakāḥ paśavaḥ ṣaṣṭhāḥ saptamās tu sarīsṛpāḥ ||
درندہ صفت جانور، دو کھُر والے حیوان، ہاتھی، بندر؛ پانچواں گروہ پرندوں کا ہے۔ چھٹا گروہ آبی جانداروں کا، اور ساتواں سانپ وغیرہ رینگنے والے (سرِیسُرپ) ہیں۔
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The grouping recognizes ecological niches (air/water/land) and behavioral types, implying dharma includes understanding the natural order rather than treating life as undifferentiated resource.
Sarga: classificatory cosmology—organizing the created world into intelligible categories.
The ‘seven’ grouping can be read as a symbolic completeness: instincts (predators), groundedness (hoofed), power (elephant), restlessness (monkey), aspiration (bird), depth (aquatic), and latent fear/desire (reptilian).